So i've been plinking away extracting UI elements for the fine modders at this here site. You can use them for any number of things, and i've saved you the trouble of going through the game and websites to extract them all.

If things are missing, take a screen shot of the UI element, and post it here, and i'll extract it and add it to the pack.

Here it is at the moment: (click for full size png, but why would you want that when the attachment contains the PSD?)
http://imgur.com/pacnal.png (http://imgur.com/pacna.png)

The Photoshop file with all of the UI nicely separated and transparent (though you should probably stick to dark backgrounds), is in the attached zip file.

Hope that helps.

The mod tool Nexus will allow you to fully extract the fpk's. Just gotta wait till it comes out. :)

Century Gothic looks quite similar, but according to \assets\UI\Fonts, Civ5 uses TW Cen MT.