I'm 99% sure there wasn't any units from a third party nation around (because it was around turn 100 on a snailGiant map where all 12 nations were spread far apart). I only had that one spearman and the target AI consisted of two gatherers, 1-2 Stone throwers, and perhaps a brute. The only available build up was checkpoints but I didn't use it and I don't think it was used by the AI neither.Answering 'How would that happen?' becomes the key to solving this I think. Were there any other units of either player around the area? Was your unit or his using a buildup? The AI shouldn't know anything about statuses.
I had tweaked mobility_foot so that the only modifiers from that unitcombat in play here was [Hill: +1 range] and [forest: +1 invisibility -1 Range] on invisibility_camouflage
Other modifier in play was +1 visibility (camouflage) on combatant.
These invisible_camouflage modifiers were the reason for me not seeing the guardian 2 tiles away from the forest. they might be where the problem lies; because it was the same forest that I suddenly unexpectedly could see it again when I moved away from the city.
That's a feeling I got multiple times today when play-testing, there was a disturbing lack of consistency. Almost like the visibility field circles you made illustrations of in the OP were lagging behind units (not centered around units all the time). But that was just a gut feeling I had, I've got nothing tangible to back that claim up with. ^^That suggests that the visibility values were painted correctly but somewhere along the way it began reading them incorrectly