Flying Pig said:
Do we know the demographic breakdown of those votes
No, but I would assume that only a few Germans voted for Poland. So most of votes for Poland would be from Polish-speaking people.
Flying Pig said:
or how Polish the Polish-speakers actually were?
But what does it mean "how Polish" ??? Can Polishness be measured in percentages? For example a person who is 68% Polish or 47% Polish?
If a person speaks Polish or one of its regional dialects as first language (mother tongue), then this person is ethnically Polish.
Also people who don't speak Polish but identify themselves as Polish people can be called nationally Polish. These kinds of definitions are a bit blurred.
Indeed, a guy with Polish ethnicity is not necessarily the same as a guy with Polish nationality. Even though these 2 groups largely overlap each other.
Flying Pig said:
Even then, I'm not sure that I'd equate a judgement of self-interest with German identity.
Indeed. Political choices are not ethnic choices.
Flying Pig said:
It's conceivable that the most radically Scottish shipyard worker might vote for Union because he fears that independence will cost him his job, despite feeling not one jot British or - taking the argument along the lines that we have here - English.
Well, we have several Scottish users on this forum, no of them are Scottish nationalists, yet all of them declared they will vote for independence.
So just as we wrote above, political choices are not ethnic choices. Traitorfish wrote he will vote for independence for political and economic reasons.
Cheezy the Wiz wrote that he will also vote for independence (even though he is an ethnic American living in Scotland, not a native Scottish guy).
Domen said:
Majority of Lutheran Kashubs underwent linguistic Germanisation during the 19th century.
When it comes to the progress of Germanization in the region of Pomerania during the 1800s:
Here is an example - Lutheran parish Główczyce (Kashubian: Główczëce, German: Glowitz), 28 km from Słupsk (Kashubian: Słëpsk, German: Stolp):
Year (total population) - number of Polish/Kashubian-speakers (%), number of German-speakers (%) in this parish:
1829 census (total population: 4848) - 3297 Polish-speakers (68%), 1551 German-speakers (32%)
1850 census (total population: 5122) - 1370 Polish-speakers (27%), 3752 German-speakers (73%)
1879 census (total population: 5381) - 125 Polish/Kashubian-speakers (2%), 5256 German-speakers (98%)
This is how they were "keeping their identity alive" when subjected to forced Germanization policies of Prussian government...
These two maps illustrate the progress of Germanization in Pomerania (legend to both maps in map No 2):
http://s17.postimg.org/yqawdplfh/Germ_Kash_1.png
http://s1.postimg.org/p21g0fqkd/Germ_Kash_2.png
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Let me add that Germans started to count Kashubians as a separate language group only after year 1860:
But even after they already started to count Kashubians, they were still manipulating their population censuses:
(...) The interest regarding the number of Kashubian population dates back to the middle of the 19th century. Numbers given at that time have only an estimated character. For example according to Russian scholar Alexander Hilferding, who in 1856 visited the region of Kashubia, in his work "Remnants of Slavs along the Baltic Sea coast" , wrote that there were around 200,000 Kashubians at that time, maybe slightly more - as he added.
In Prussian statistics Kashubians as a separate linguistic group were counted for the first time only in the 1861 census. Before that they were counted as Polish-speaking people in all censuses. However, in officially published results of the 1861 census the column for Kashubian-speakers was not included. Instead of that, there was another column, named "other people who don't speak German". It has to be assumed, that vast majority of people in that column were Kashubians. Only the 1890 census included Kashubian population in its officially published results. According to official data from that census, the number of Kashubians at that time was over 53,000. However, the results of that census were heavily criticized by a Kashubian scholar Stefan Ramułt. In his "Statistics on Kashubian population", published in Cracow in 1899, Ramułt concluded, that the results of the German 1890 census were basically falsified and were showing a false picture of real linguistic structure of the region. He illustrated his conclusion with several examples. It is worth to quote them:
"For example in village Parchowo, numbering 640 inhabitants, 6 people were reported as Polish-speakers, and 466 people as Kashubian-speakers (the rest of them were Germans and Jews). Also in Prokowo among 543 people there were reported 7 people who spoke Polish as their mother tongue, and 518 with Kashubian mother tongue. Similar situation was in Dzierżążno (Seeresen), where among 318 inhabitants 4 people were written down into the column for Polish language and 268 people into the column for Kashubian language. But on the other hand, in Żuromin from among 231 inhabitants, 230 were included in the column for Polish-speakers and nobody was reported as a Kashubian-speaker. In Skorzewo among 749 inhabitants only 1 person was reported as a Kashubian-speaker, while 697 as Polish-speakers. In Mściszewice among 768 people as many as 709 were included in the column for Polish language and only 5 in the column for Kashubian."
Author of "Statistics on Kashubian population" summarized those numbers as follows:
"But nobody should even think, that Slavic population living in Parchowo, Prokowo and Dzierżążno is speaking a different language, or even a different dialect, than inhabitants of Żuromin, Skorzewo and Mściszewice. (...) All of them (...) speak one and the same Kashubian dialect. (...) Because the number of people, whose mother tongue is literary Polish in that area, was in reality not even 100 individuals, compared to over 45,000 speakers of native Kashubian dialect, while according to the falsified official Prussian data there were 22,309 Polish-speakers and only 16,964 Kashubian-speakers."
That scholar also heavily criticized the Prussian category of "bilingual people". He considered that so called "bilingual people" should in fact be counted among the Kashubians, who speak also German as their second language, and are too timid to admit their full "Kashubianness". (...)
For area of 11 counties, German 1890 census had: 53,359 Kashubian-speakers, 125,889 Polish-speakers and 6,903 bilinguals (total: 186,151).
According to S. Ramułt that was falsified, and the reality in those 11 counties in 1890 was: 174,831 Kashubians and 19,942 Poles (total: 194,773).
Source: article "Historió Kaszebów", topic 19: "Kashubians in statistics", published on the website of "Kaszëbskô Jednota" - Association of Kashubian People:
https://www.facebook.com/Kaszebi
The excerpt from the article that I quoted above, shows how German censuses manipulated numbers of Kashubians.
They divided people for Poles and Kashubians completely arbitrarily - despite the lack of real linguistic differences.
Not to mention, that before 1890 they did not even include such category like "Kashubians" in officially published data.
And before 1861, they counted all Kashubians as "Poles". Later between 1861 and 1890 they counted them as "other non-Germans".
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Another example of manipulations in German censuses:
Subkowy Municipality in Tczew County (Kreis Dirschau) - censuses of 1905, 1910 and 1921:
1905 (population: 1180) - 935 Polish-speakers, 238 German-speakers, 7 other language
1910 (population: 1249) - 751 "Bilinguals", 273 Polish-speakers, 225 German-speakers
And now according to Polish census (question about nationality, not language):
1921 (population: 1342) - 1262 Polish, 72 German, 8 other nationality
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I usually call them Slovincians, as Ceynowa and Hilferding named them (see the video):
Well, here I was wrong.
In fact they were called Slovincians for the first time by Karl Gottlob von Anton already in 1783 - he wrote:
"So nennen sich die so genannten Kassuben in Pommern Słowienci."
On the other hand, the first reference to Kashubs (regarding the duke of Kashubs) is much older - from 1238:
"Duce Cassubie" was mentioned by the Pope on 12.03.1238 regarding the Duke of Szczecin - Bogislaw II - who died in 1220.