What am I missing here?

Notice the tile the Warrior is on doesn't have a road on it. When I end my turn, this Warrior intercepts the Worker. Before that (I reloaded), my Scout was on the same tile as the Worker and got killed, with the log saying that the city had bombarded it for 70 and the Warrior hit for 11. That's 81/100, insufficient for a kill.

Is Adolphus cheating or what?

It's possible he built/purchased a warrior on that turn and the warrior in the screenshot isn't the one that takes your worker.

As far as the scout getting killed, IDK.

You sure the Warrior that takes you is the one on the hill and not in the dark area behind the Cap? As to the combat log, probably a mispeak. A Warrior would hit that scout for a lot of damage on open terrain.

My guess is you misread the message for the scout as you having received 11 damage, when in reality the warrior suffered 11 damage. It says something like "our scout was killed in combat with a warrior (11 damage)" which means the warrior got knocked down 11 and you got knocked down the remaining 30. Which seems likely, considering your hover over that warrior saying it would deal you 67 for 13. So it seems like what happened was, Stockholm completed a warrior (often a second, third, or even fourth warrior is very soon in AI build orders). The city shot your scout with the worker underneath for 70 damage. Then the warrior completed in Stockholm slammed for the remaining 30, although this number is not mentioned in the turnover pop up, while suffering 11 damage, and you misread it.

The completing thing happens a lot with barb camps, which is why you have to be very careful escorting settlers near camps. If a brute spawns that turn and your settler is unprotected 3 tiles from the camp, it will usually spawn on the tile closest your settler that is still adjacent to the camp (which it has to be) and if it's flatland between your settler and the spawning location then RIP settler.

Kilimanjaro could be in the fog. Since the city is on a hill, the warrior in screenshot would have an extra movement point, if he has High Altitude Training. Also, a fresh warrior attacking a scout that had just been bombarded by city should kill it.

Early game secret nukes with no fallout?