Capto Iugulum Background Thread

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CAPTO IUGULUM: The Background Thread

The Wiki:
http://captoiugulum.wikispot.org/Front_Page

List of Updates for the First Thread
Spoiler :

1900 (Update 0): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1901 (Update 1): Part One, Part Two

1902 (Update 2): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1903 (Update 3): Part One, Part Two

1904 (Update 4): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1905 (Update 5) The Great War Begins: Part One, Part Two, Part Three, Part Four, Part Five

1906 (Update 6): Part One, Part Two, Part Three, Part Four

1907 (Update 7): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1908 (Update 8): Part One, Part Two, Part Three, Part Four

1909 (Update 9): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1910 (Update 10): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1911 (Update 11): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1912 (Update 12): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1913 (Update 13): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1914 (Update 14): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1915 (Update 15): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1916 (Update 16): Part One, Part Two

1917 (Update 17): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1918 (Update 18): Part One, Part Two, Part Three

1919 (Update 19): Part One, Part Two, Part Three


Terminology and Notes: Staying In Character

The world is a different place than we know it, therefore, I'm providing here some brief terms, treaties and other notes that are of major importance to any governing leader. All should be familiar with these, or else risk looking like an idiot. I also am addressing the current definition of very political groups here, as a quick reference. Some politics are different, others are similar to what you may know from our own history. This section will be updated with relevant information in time.

Political Terminology

The descriptions below are broad, based on the era to cover 1900-2000, and will likely change inherent meanings based on the world that is created and the time that passes. Furthermore, each political movement will likely differ in aims to a degree based on the nation they are located in. Proletarism was developed by Carlos Marques and is NOT communism entirely as you may know it. This is greatly important and relevant to the events of the NES.

Traditional Proletarist (Short Name: Proletarist): A political ideology that advocates the violent overthrow of a political system such as a monarchy or democracy, bringing about a dictatorship of the people. This theory of a Proletarist state is that the first stage of true proletarism is a new absolutist government centralized in a group of individuals until the last traces of capitalism are eradicated and the world is united under a proletarist banner. At this stage, the reigning dictatorship would resign, and true proletarism would be had for all the people.

Social Proletarist (Short Name: Socialist): While the end goal of social proletarism is the same as the traditional outlook, it's a more realistic approach for a democratic society. In wealthier states, it is felt that the authoritarian outlook of traditional proletarist ideals is too extreme. Therefore, in a ideal social proletarist development, a democratic regime change would take place, yielding to an elected government of the people. The new government then would guide the nation and world to a peaceful transition to a worker's paradise.

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Liberal: In this era, a liberal regime favors government regulation of markets to a limited degree, and in some cases nationalization of vital industries. They are also traditionally extremely republican and fervent in the defense of democracy.

Moderate: A moderate regime seeks a balance between the norms of conservatives and liberals, and stays far away from radical ideologies. Some dictators are known to be moderates, playing a dangerous game of balance against all political theaters.

Conservative: A conservative regime traditionally supports the free market and corporations, encouraging captains of industry and the development of business. Both conservative republics and dictators are known, yielding to the whims and boons of the market.

Militarist: A Militarist regime is not always a military dictatorship, but usually is. This sort of government favors the military in every element of the society. They will provide more funding to the army and navy and strive to protect the nation against any threats.

Religious: Religious regimes can vary in its beliefs quite radically. These governments follow their religious ideals and are typically socially conservative. Their goal is to extend their own version of faith and morality to the nation, and to resist corrosive modern social influences.

Nationalist/Separatist: These forces want to end your nation as you know it. They struggle for regional independence for various regions. Thankfully these are always minorities, but they can still cause you immense troubles over the years.

Recommended Reading

Now I have to say that in most NESes, I've never felt the need to include what I've researched and read to establish a background. That's because, to be perfectly honest, in the past that's included a veritable Kevin Bacon chain of links on Wikipedia and unverifiable Internet sources. Not so here! My undergraduate degree in history focused upon the history of the twentieth century, especially the military history. The period of 1900-2000 is one with which I am intimately familiar and been studying constantly all my life. To this end, I'd like to provide you with a list of the sources and books I've used for reference to establish the tech tree and other events that will emerge over the next four RL years. This includes factual textbooks as well as speculative fiction and writings to help us project the ideas for the 2000-2100 technological period. All the books on this list I highly recommend to any avid readers or scholars of history, especially historians of the modern age.

A quick guide to what exactly I've used this knowledge for, in case it seems as though these texts are irrelevant to an alternative history (which they may seem at a glance):

1. Establishing a formula for sociological reactions to player actions and random events, based on varying regions, nations, and religions.

2. Creating a ornate technological tree which is intertwined with the actions of players as well as the societies and governments which emerge. This includes linking the advancements of private or non-military interests with the projects solely under military or government administration. Also, some efforts have been made into forecasting the possibilities of the twenty-first century technological advancement

3. Guiding the actions of NPCs in the upcoming NES, based on their region's history, society, and culture as it evolved through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

4. Establishing new formulas for the rise of tyrannical governments based on ideology, which is one of the cornerstones of the twentieth century.

5. Creating a realistic approach to the development of militaries and the radical changes that most armies have undergone since 1900.

The List

This is a complete list of every book I've referenced in working on the rules and formulas for the new phase of Capto Iugulum. It's not a formal bibliography of any kind, just a simple list, with title and author(s)/editor(s). I have organized this by title, not by author. Once more, I simply hope that some of you will take a chance to read these, and if you already have, you'll have a bit of an idea of where I'm coming from with events and NPCs.

A Broken World: 1919-1939. Raymond J. Sontag.

A History of Brazil. E. Bradford Burns.

American Foreign Relations. John Gange.

America, Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-2006. Walter LaFeber.

A Peace to End All Peace. David Fromkin.

Atlas of the Second World War. John Keegan.

Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World. L.J. Butler.

China's Bitter Victory: The War With Japan, 1937-1945. James C. Hsiung and Steven I. Levine.

Essentials of International Relations. Karen A. Mingst.

For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America. Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski.

Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. Jared Diamond.

Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression. Studs Terkel.

Inside the Cold War: An Oral History. John Sharnik.

Modern East Asia: From 1600, A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais.

Modern Europe: 1660-1945. Roger Williams.

Modern Tyrants. Daniel Chirot.

My Tank is Fight! Zack Parsons.

Nations and Nationalism since 1780. E.J. Hobsbawm.

Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. Christopher R. Browning.

Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire. David Cannadine.

Politics and Change in the Middle East: Sources of Conflict and Accomodation. Roy R. Andersen, Robert F. Seibert, and Jon G. Wagner.

Russia in the Twentieth Century. M.K. Dziewanowski.

Science and Technology in World History. James E. McClellan and Harold Dorn.

Sophisticated Rebels: The Political Culture of European Dissent; 1968-1987. H. Stuart Hughes.

Soviet Military Interventions Since 1945. Ellen Berends.

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order. Samuel P. Huntington.

The Cold War: A History Through Documents. Edward H. Judge and John W. Langdon.

The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism. Adrian Hastings.

The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century. George Friedman.

The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. Lawrence James.

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. Paul Kennedy.

The Strategic Quadrangle. Michael Mandelbaum.

The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century. Thomas L. Friedman.

Weapons of World War Two. Alexander Ludeke.
 
Europe

Bosnia: The nation of Bosnia was created in the tumultuous wake of the Hungarian Civil War in 1914, and was established from territory occupied by the Serbians during the most headed fighting. The Serbians established Bosnia as a new state to protect their newfound frontiers with the similarly new nation of Croatia. The Duke of Bosnia was closely tied to the Serbian monarchy and nation. When appeals for reform nearly led to the establishment of a Serbian republic, Russian soldiers invaded and suppressed the Balkan nation. The Bosnians were then left to manage their own position, and with a Russian guarantee of independence the Croats were stopped from pressing their own claims. The former Duke of Bosnia was able to proclaim himself king and has since managed his nation well. A slow arms buildup has so far kept Croatia at bay, but the Bosnians continue to be well aware of their vulnerability to foreign invasion.

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Brittany: Brittany gained a growing reputation throughout the nineteenth century as one of the two great neutral states along the English Channel. The Bretons developed a distinct Celtic identity far separate from the predominant status of the French states of Western Europe's interior. Though they had signed the Treaty of Poitiers, they argued that it did not apply when the Second Orleans War broke out in 1854. They refused to take part against either side, maintaining limited commerce with each warring faction. This helped improve Brittany's prosperity in the area, particularly as vicious raiding and warfare left agricultural regions of Western Europe devastated. Throughout the first twenty years of the twentieth century, Brittany has been high ground for the turbulent floods of war throughout the European continent. While the rest of the continent descended into the Great War, Brittany has remained neutral and prosperous for its size right up to the current year, yet some dissidents have begun to show some cracks in the seeming peaceful society.

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Bulgaria: The Constantinople Event in 1903 through the Roman Empire into chaos by effectively destroying the entire chain of succession for the Imperator's family. The destruction of the old Imperator's line and the whole of the Roman bureaucracy led to the rapid failure of the nation's whole apparatus. Bulgaria was the first province to break away and secured their position in the first early battles against the disorganized attempts of the legions to restore order. For several years an uneasy truce reigned as the new imperator in Athens attempted to create a compromise state. The talks ultimately broke down and the fighting resumed until Bulgarian victories in the field once more led to Roman concession of their independence. Though people have called for a republic since the establishment of a free Bulgaria, the monarchy has persevered, attempting to build new ties with both Russia and newly rebuilt Constantinople.

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Cechy-Morava: The Czechs were one of the most unruly factions under Austrian rule at the peak of their independent empire and position. In 1910, they finally achieved their goal of self autonomy underneath the umbrella of the German Economic League, the precursor to the unified German nation. The Austrians granted them effectively an independent republic which still was integrated politically and economically into the German system. The Czechs have since retained their independence and further developed their republic over the following years and have grown in wealth from their connection to unified Germany. What began as simmering hostility with the German people has since turned into benign cooperation and prosperity for both societies and Cechy-Morava has continued to be a strong ally and trading partner of unified Germany.

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Corsica: Corsica was established before the Italian Crusade by revolting nobles, and they quickly began attempting to compare with their southern neighbors in Sardinia. Sardinia had greatly profited from the wars on the Italian Peninsula, and later in France, but Corsica always remained a step behind. Sardinia has continued to excel over Corsica in leaps and bounds, and the Corsicans spent much of the nineteenth century working over Sardinia's economic scraps. This rivalry never ceded through the beginning of the twentieth century but has since turned into a lucrative partnership. After Sardinia's somewhat troubled involvement in the Great War, the defeat of Spain caused a lack of allies for the southern island. The result was a creation of a defensive alliance and economic partnership with Corsica, and since then, Corsica has faced internal unrest and a continued stagnation of the local economy.

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Croatia: The disaster of the Great War led to renewed instability and unrest among the proletarists of Hungary, sparking a new civil war starting in 1910. Budapest fell quickly to the revolution, as the monarchy fled into the countryside, building up its strength among the rural peoples. Taking advantage of the unrest, the Slovaks and Croats rose up against central government, and rallying their own forces. The Slovaks were crushed by the proletarists, but the Croats struck a deal with the Hungarian monarchy, gaining recognition of their independence. This was ultimately recognized by Russia as well, which offered a unilateral guarantee of independence. The Croats played an essential part of the war, helping to preserve the monarchy and crush the proletarist uprising, but they soon clashed with the Serbians playing the same role. The Serbs sponsored the independence of Bosnia, and this was a sore point with Croatia and tensions mounted, threatening war if not for Russian political intervention. The Croats have managed to preserve their position, inheriting the Hungarian navy and trade ties, as they continue to build up their wealth and prosperity over the years since gaining freedom.

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Denmark: After the Democratic revolution of 1843, Denmark experienced a renaissance of growth which took it to new heights. The Danish settler colony of Oranjien in southern Africa was prosperous, and the nation's participation in the wars in China and Korea secured it valuable Korean concessions and a large and greatly profitable chunk of China. With the turn of the 20th Century, Denmark joined the Triple Alliance with the Franco-Burgundian Confederation and the Netherlands, and many in Denmark believed its position as a middle-power in Europe with a modest but profitable colonial empire would be assured. This was not to be. Denmark joined the Great War in 1904 to assist its allies in the Confederation and the Netherlands, and suffered greatly. It was the only Continental Power to have its mainland territory occupied during the war. The war initially went poorly for Denmark, with the country falling into chaos in the 1906 elections due to demonstrations over the war and the country's role in it. To preserve the military's control in the nation, government fell to a military coup in 1906, with General Lars Jensen locking away the King and taking power during the war. However, his efforts were for nought, and southern Denmark remained occupied. Denmark suffered the brunt of the peace treaty between the Triple Alliance (and Scandinavia) and the Allies in 1907, losing China, Oranjien, Korea, and even Schleswig-Holstein and Nordhannover.† Comparetively, the other Triple Alliance members lost very little - merely China and the West Indies for the Netherlands. Denmark was put out to dry for its allies, who betrayed it and left it to suffer at the rapacious hands of the Allies. This was known as the the Dolkestød, or the 'Stab in the Back' in Denmark. General Jensen (by this point a hated figure in Denmark) was forced to step down and restore power to the King, who recalled the Folketing and called for new elections. The devastating loss of the Great was followed by the nation immediately withdrawing from the Triple Alliance and a general withdrawal from international politics completely. The people of Denmark, under the government of the liberal Socialdemokraterne, the 'Social Democrats' and the liberal King Leopold II, have disdained international conflicts. With a new approach of "solve your own problems." in international politics, Denmark has withdrawn from the arena of nations, preferring to focus on itself and rebuilding the country. The liberals and the King have both disavowed revanchism and attempts to regain Denmark's colonies, saying that it is better to live in the present than to hunger after former glory. The Danish people have become distrusting of foreigners, as, to be frank, basically every nation but Russia did screw them over during the Great War, foreign attempts at gaining dominance in Denmark are viciously resisted, and the nation has avoided becoming part of the new power structures in the international arena. With a new outlook and a new course of neutrality, Denmark looks forward to a bright future, even while Europe inches closer to disaster.

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Franco-Burgundian Confederation: The Kingdoms of Paris-Burgundy proved themselves one of the rising political and military powers of Europe in the Third Venetian War, and then later in the Italian Crusade. Only a year later in 1854, war broke out when the Languedoc province of Orleans rose in rebellion at the behest of Paris-Burgundy. King Philippe pledged his support for the rebels, provoking war with Languedoc and their Spanish allies. The entry of Spain was used however to bring a number of other states, such as Dauphine, Piedmont, Poitou, and Normandy into the war. The Dutch also entered into the fight, providing naval backup to the French. In series of pitched battles, the French defeated the Spanish in a number of major battles, and ultimately invaded Languedoc and conquered Orleans. Unfortunately, the arrival of Spanish reinforcements and the entry of Sardinia into the war prevented a total victory. With no real hope remaining for total conquest of France, a deal was struck with the Spanish Empire. Spain agreed to recognize the victory of Paris-Burgundy, and allowed the annexation of Orleans to the kingdoms. In 1858, the old Treaty of Poitiers was transformed into the creation of a larger confederation. The new Franco-Burgundian Confederation consisted of the former nations of Piedmont, Paris, Burgundy, Dauphine, Normandy, Orleans, and Poitou. It was allowed by Spain, due to their exhaustion from the war, and the new predominantly French state entered a period of unprecedented prosperity. Reforms were continued by the liberal government, resulting in the elimination of the old secret police force in 1862. Furthermore, colonial positions were expanded, as the Confederations hold over China grew, and a colonial war broke out with Poland in 1871. This war took longer than expected, as the Poles put up a good fight, plus Japanese involvement nearly brought an additional player into the war against the French and Dutch. The Japanese managed to seize the Confederation's hold over Seoul, and then forced the Confederate navy to stand down with an overwhelming display of naval force. The war ended in 1873, giving the Confederation a massive slice of the former Polish colonial empire, and a fresh start on imperialism. These gains would be confirmed in the Amsterdam Conference in 1874, securing the Confederation's sphere of African influence. In 1890, the strong relationship between the Confederation and Netherlands would be secured with a defensive alliance signed between the two. The new century saw the formation of the Triple Alliance, for the defence of China during a time of increasing tensions with the Japanese, and for the containment of the nationalistic attitudes of Brandenburg. Several crises struck Europe, and in 1903 Confederate troops moved to garrison Denmark, although they were removed the following year, when the Pomeranian crisis receded. However, in 1905 war unexpectedly broke out with the Allies. In the great war, the Confederation's troops - the best trained in Europe - had general success, bleeding the Japanese dry and fending off vastly superior forces in China. However, with the repeated defeat of successive (albeit non-Confederate) Continental fleets by inferior allied navies, the Triple Alliance signed the Treaty of the Tuileries, and ceded its control of China to Japan in 1907. The Triple Alliance collapsed as a result of the war, as the Danes blamed the Confederation and the Dutch for the destruction of their empire while the Dutch receded into neutrality and moved towards unification with Flanders. The Septembrist Party was brought into power, ousting the Party of Order in the elections after the war, and began liberal reforms in Switzerland as well as reform to increase the elected representation of the more populous and liberally minded cities, while gently suppressing rebellious tendencies in Burgundy. Rioting in Burgundy flared up particularly over the Prussian crisis, resulting in the fall of the Clemenceau government, but the problem died down when the Millerand government cancelled the alliance with Russia. Meanwhile, the post-war period also saw the creation of the League of Continental Nations, in which the Confederation was instrumental. The Cherbourg Accords reduced tensions with Britain as the Confederation sent, in 1915, troops to suppress the American Proletarists in support of the Federal Government, but the troops were removed upon the formation, in 1916, of the Second Union, which was unwilling to sign the expected alliance with the Confederation. Following the unification of the Netherlands and Flanders shortly following the renewal of the Dutch alliance with the Confederation, the Rhine-Rhone Pact was created between those two nations and Occitania, and upon the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1918, the support for the Republicans by the Rhine-Rhone Pact brought about a year's war with Germany. The Rhine-Rhone Pact was generally victorious, decisively crushing the Spanish Monarchists and bringing Spain, along with Sardinia, into the Pact, while, although the Germans overran Piedmont, Confederate troops had much success in pushing deep into the industrial heartland of Lower Saxony. Following the signing of the Toledo Accords in 1919, the Confederation remains one of the greatest powers of Europe, with a strong economy, a moderately stable state, and one of the best armies in the world.

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Germany: In the wake of the Great War, the German people were unified in horror by the atrocities of the Russian government against the German Prussians. The Russians executed hundreds of thousands of German people, and the rest soon fled to wherever they could reach. Many fled into the kingdoms of Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Austria, where their plight fueled the growth of revitalized German nationalism. The monarchs of Austria and Brandenburg quickly steered their own nations to unification, though Pomerania remained recalcitrant towards the prospect. In 1912, a referendum was held, leading to a major display of Pomeranian support for the cause of German unity, and a new consolidated German nation was formed. The Austrian king was proclaimed emperor of a unified Germany, which managed to soar economically until the Spanish Civil War turned into a war against the Franco-Burgundian Confederation in 1918. The war went disastrously, but fortunately ended before the cost became too high. Regardless, it has left a legacy of shame upon the German Imperial Army, and questions still remain about the nation's future and role in Europe.

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Hungary: Hungary's history in the nineteenth century proved to be an extremely troubled one. After a failed republican revolution in the 1840s, the monarchy in Budapest struggled to maintain control over the disparate nationalities of the European empire. Throughout the remainder of the century, a number of new revolts and uprisings emerged in the larger cities of the empire, and authority had to crack down. The death of King Vladislaus III in 1866 led to a series of other revolts and riots, once again the new King Louis V had to once more call in Polish support to preserve order. The new king has been barely maintaining his throne, and faced the greatest challenge in 1893, when proletarists rose in open revolt. This was the first revolt of its kind in the world, as the proletarists successfully secured control of Budapest and the surrounding region. The Hungarian military's first attempts to restore order were repulsed in several brutal battles. Ultimately, the Hungarians were aided by the Polish army, which marched in to crush the uprising. The peace was barely maintained until the Great War broke out in 1905. The Hungarians fared well against the Russian hordes, maintaining the border almost indefinitely against overwhelming Russian armies. The fall of Poland exposed the northern border, and with this, the Hungarian lines collapsed. The peace was harsh, losing control of Romania, and this was to be only the first of numerous losses for the Hungarian people. In 1910 a new proletarist uprising tore the nation asunder and the result was the succession of Croatia and other territories to neighboring Serbia for help. After a bloody struggle, Hungary preserved the monarchy and the proletarists were crushed, and disgraced beyond repair. Since the end of the war, the King has been obsessed with rebuilding the nation's shell of an army and nation, looking to once more establish Hungarian relevance on the European scene.

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Italy: Italy was united under King Ferdinand II in the year 1909 after a bloody Italian war was fought between Naples, the Papal States, the (formerly known) Italian Republic along with the Austrians. The war was started due to the Pope trying to make Naples shut down the newly reopened Italian National Press allowing any Italian to publish anything they wished freely with free speech. When Naples refused Austria backed up the Pope and tried to force Naples to shut it down, again they refused even when Sardinia and other Italian states joined on the side of the Pope. Naples stared threats directly in the face and refused to back down, even when their one ally had abandoned them within Italy, and stood strong. They endured assaults from the Austrians and the Papal States as well as a naval assault that was utterly pushed back from the Sardinia's, thanks to the Sicilians who had recently joined Naples after breaking away from Spain. The war erupted into a three front war when the Italian Republic joined in claiming they were the rightful leaders of a united Italy which came after Sardinia and Naples had already made a cease fire. The emergence of the Republic drew the attention of the Pope and Austria away from Naples who utilized this great opportunity and eventually made the push resulting into an elected Naples ruling and creating The Kingdom of Italy. Soon thereafter Italy joined into an alliance with, then, Austria, Brandenburg, Spain and Japan which quickly changed into a united Austria and Brandenburg forming Germany. Italy has made a stance against the threat that is known as Proletarianism and sent troops to help stop the spread in Hungary which lasted a couple years. The Hungarian Civil War ended with the royal family retaking control and pushing the Proletarians out, this brought Italy and Hungary closer together and eventually led to Italy adopting the Hungary Army Doctrine. Italy did what they could to support their allies in Spain during the Spanish Civil war, and acquired Libya with a deal between Italy and Monarchist Spain which the Republicans recognized and respected after they won their war.

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Netherlands: The Republic of The Netherlands underwent much change in the last 20 years of the 20th Century, it emerged in the year 1900 as a much diminished European Power, despite this the Dutch Republican Navy remained one of the best navies in Europe, if not in the world. In 1904 the peaceful Republic was thrusted into the deadliest war that the world has yet seen, The Great War. Along with its Danish, and French-Burgundian Allies the Netherlands battled its British, Brandenburger, and Brazilian enemies, until 1906 when a peace was signed, The peace was a complete disaster for the Netherlands and the nation was forced to turn over its longtime West Indies Islands, along with its Chinese Colonies. The following year the Dutch people elected The Socialist Party, the second nation in the world to do so. The nation withdrew in isolation, and severed all its alliances while it did that it continued to grow closer and closer to Flanders, its Southern Neighbor, and Dutch Brethren. After the Great War came to an official close with Russia's annexation of Poland, The Republic of The Netherlands was one of the Founders of The League of Continental Nations, the brainchild of The Franco-Burgundian Confederation. The League vowed to assure that another European war would never occur. In its first assembly the League voted Flanders as its Chairman, and the Dutch city of Antwerpen as The Headquarters of the League. The next decade passed by relatively quietly for the Dutch Republic until 1916, when a unification referendum, set up and monitored by Dutch, and Flemish officials was approved by The Flemish and Dutch citizens. The following year the United Republic of The Netherlands was announced and in 1918 the newly unified country held its first elections. The newly unified country began to be tested almost immediately, when the Spanish Civil War broke out the Dutch Republic, along with its French-Burgundian Allies recognized The Republican Faction as legitimate, and pledged to protect Spanish Liberty. The German Empire, an ally of The Empire of Spain did not approve such an action, and war between The Netherlands, The Franco-Burgundian Confederation, The Kingdom of Occitania and Germany broke out. The Dutch army, with French helped broke through the German lines, while The Spanish Republicans secured an overwhelming victory. A year later a white peace was signed and a new election planned, which the Spanish Republicans won.

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Occitania: The nation of Languedoc was one of the greatest contenders for French unification in the middle of the nineteenth century. They had begun a major military buildup in the hopes of challenging the rising star of Paris in this effort, and they were unfortunate that the Second Orleans War did not emerge upon their terms. The Second Orleans War began in 1854, as Orleans' liberals rose in revolt sponsored by the Kingdoms of Paris-Burgundy. Languedoc started with clear victories in the field, evening threatening both Dijon and Paris. Unfortunately, as more and more French states piled upon Languedoc, even the support of Spain and Sardinia proved to be insufficient. Orleans was lost and Toulouse was besieged, but Languedoc fought on despite the odds. The Spanish were able to relieve Toulouse, but were unable to reclaim the lands of Orleans. A treaty was signed without the approval of Languedoc's King Louis II, and Spain essentially blackmailed him into accepting it. King Louis II preserved his claims to France for years until his death in 1862, when Spanish pressure caused the heir to proclaim the new Kingdom of Occitania. The new King Charles would rule the newly forged nation, with Spanish support for the monarchy until his death in 1892. Since then, the new King Louis has continued to strive to restore Occitania's position that it had under the rule of Languedoc. Entering into alliance with Britain, Occitania joined the Great War against Spain and Franco-Burgundy, in the name of acquiring Aquitaine. The war was unsuccessful for Occitania, and Britain distanced itself from continental affairs, leaving Occitania to search for new allies. The search concluded with Franco-Burgundy, and the creation of the Rhine-Rhone Pact. Shortly after the alliance’s inception, the Spanish Civil War broke out, and to the aid of the Republican cause, the Rhine-Rhone Pact send soldiers, which became a major military success. The terms of the Republican victory guaranteed the transfer of Aquitaine to Occitania, and as the political landscape changes, the venerable kingdom considers the future decades.

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Papal States: The rule of Pope Leo XIII was controversial as it was violent. Under his leadership, the drive for Italian unification was smashed and the papacy struggled to retain onto its secular control. Pope Leo XIII's Italian Crusade proved successful in assembling an international coalition to oust the Italian state that was forged by the Kingdom of Savoy-Milan. Rome was liberated by Spanish soldiers and the Papacy was restored at the conclusion of the war in 1855. Pope Leo XIII died only two years later, and was lauded by the Catholic Church as a hero, possibly even more than that spiritually. The following three Popes would follow his footsteps through the remainder of the century, expanding secular rule and control over the central Italian Peninsula even further. Unfortunately for the Papacy, a series of conflicts erupted throughout the first ten years of the twentieth century, which had the result of losing much of the Papal holdings on the peninsula. Worse, in 1909, the new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed, leaving the Papacy with only a smattering of its territories. In recent years, in lieu of more overt political and military power, the new Pope Paul VI has begun regaining lost influence internationally, building new friends in wayward South and Central America, as in Europe. It seems that with a more diplomatic role, the Papacy has gained greater global support than they had in the years before Italian unification.

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Portugal: Portugal never truly recovered from the collapse of the international slave trade and commerce, losing the very lifeblood of their trading empire. The devastation caused by Spanish occupation during the War of the American Presidency continued the downward spiral, despite the acquisition of New Zealand from Britain. The entry into the coalition war in Korea and China helped restore a bit of stability and faith in the Portuguese monarchy, and the Treaty of London led to a sphere in China. This new realm of trade and economics has helped sponsor the rebirth and growth of Portugal's economy. The Portuguese monarchs of the last fifty years of the nineteenth used the growing hatred of the Spanish to maintain their position, influencing the legislature and government. By the turn of the twentieth century, after a significant cooling of relations with Britain and the Confederation, Portugal had to reverse this trend with new policies. When the Great War erupted, there was substantial pressure from all sides upon the Portuguese, but ultimately belligerent Brazilian politics brought them onto the Spanish side of the war. This was a gamble in which the Portuguese lost dearly, losing the remnants of their global empire, and the last vestiges of prestige. Since the end of the Great War, political groups and ideas have been lurching back and forth, as the economy continues to stagnate.

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Roman Empire: Imperator Constantine XIX struggled through most of his reign to preserve his rule, even doing his best to temporarily align himself with reformists which led to the outbreak of a civil war in the early parts of the nineteenth century. The resulting victory in the civil war led to a path of recovery for the once ailing Roman Empire, as Constantinople's authority was restored and reclaimed. A victory in a war against the old Turkish enemy further cemented this position among nations, followed with a period of economic growth. In 1862, the final steps would be taken to restore Roman power, as the Roman Empire joined in the Spanish offensives against the Mamluke Caliphate. The invasion of Cyprus proved successful and other Roman soldiers helped in Spanish battles from Jerusalem to Baghdad. This victory ultimately led to restored faith in the Roman Empire, as they recovered from decades of decline. Throughout the remainder of Constantine XIX's reign until his death in 1866, he proved a able leader, retaining good relationships throughout the Mediterranean Sea. The new Imperator John XII proved less administratively capable, and the 1870s and 1880s saw Rome incapable of keeping up with the innovation of Western Europe. The early years of the 1900s did not prove very fruitful for the Roman Empire. While they were a rising power in Eastern Europe, by 1920 the Empire was just a shadow of its former self. The first few years of the 1900s looked to be going in Rome's way, as they were gaining influence in their former territories and aiding allies, until 1903 when an explosion, now known as the Constantinople Event, leveled the Empire's ancient capital city, effectively destroying the government in the process. General Panagiotis stepped up to lead the nation, even when other Roman Legion generals decided to carve out their own countries from the remains of the Empire. Bulgaria was the first to break away, followed by rebellions in the eastern provinces, which gave birth to the Pontic Republic. However, with the recent reconstruction of Constantinople and the rebuilding of the Opsikion territory, some believe the Empire has finally put behind itself the tragedies of that fateful day in 1903 and can rise once again.

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Romania: Romanian nationalism was alive and well in Hungary prior to the Great War, and multiple riots and demonstrations served to display all the cracks in that society. When the Great War broke out, however, millions of Hungarian troops were brought east and for the course of the conflict, the Romanians were kept suppressed and isolated from rebellious tendencies. The Russian victory in the eastern theater of the conflict brought about a humiliating peace upon the Hungarians, and they were forced to cede independence to the war torn provinces of Romania. The Romanians were placed under the rule of a Russian king, cousin to the reigning monarch of the United Russian Empire. Over the years following the Great War, the new king ultimately was forced to include native Romanians in government, but primarily the whole affair has been a Russian regime. The Russians also directly intervened when an uprising nearly ousted the monarchy, providing their own troops rather than allow the Romanians to fight one another. Since then, King Nicholas has done his best to maintain the peace, and while he is no longer as reviled as the Russian emperor, he is hardly the most beloved man in Romania.

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Russia: The Russian Empire was forged in 1852 after the defeat of Hungary and Kiev in a prolonged war with Moscowy. The King of Moscow became the Emperor of Russia, and Novgorod was soon brought into line with the lords and lands of the south, though they retained extensive autonomy. After securing a tenuous peace with Hungary, the Russians went on to secure their borders and make efforts at centralizing the government in Moscow. The Cossack Oath of 1860 firmly submitted the Cossacks of the south to the rule of Moscow, and helped establish an officer corps for the growing army. This system was tested in an invasion of the Khazak Khanate, which extended Russian rule to that region, and sparked several minor border skirmishes with the Persians much further south. The fall of the Khazaks was a starting step to the great drive east, pushed forward by railroads and the Russian army, conquering village after village and extending Russian control further to the east than ever before. This would be further demonstrated in 1884, when the Russians began a two year campaign to crush the old Mongol threat once and for all, with the invasion of the Zunghar Khanate. The Mongols were crushed and annexed bringing Russian rule to more and more territories. The Russians have pushed further east, taking lands, and ultimately coming into conflict with the Japanese and British. The Japanese managed to defeat the Russians in several minor skirmishes in eastern Siberia, and an unofficial detente was set, establishing borders between the two. Not so with the British. After the Chinese razed the British colony of New Britain, the British would eventually return, settling small hamlets along the eastern Asia coastline. Desperate for a warmer water Pacific Ocean port, the Russians claimed this slice of Asia, but the British refused to budge. After several years of futile negotiations, the upstart nation of Russia challenged the British in war, invading New Britain. In 1898, this war began between the British and Russians, as the Russian armies overwhelmed the skilled British soldiers with sheer numbers. The British army was forced to surrender, and the resulting treaty in 1899 left a surging Russia in control of New Britain and the British humiliated. The victory of 1899 would be repeated once more only a few years later with the outbreak of the Great War in 1905. The Poles and the British expeditionary force supporting them were defeated, and the whole of Poland was added to the Russian Empire. Since the end of the Great War, the Russians have been consolidating their imperial gains and developing internally while beginning to once more assert their influence and power throughout Europe.

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Sardinia: Sardinia under King Victor continued to prosper after the end of the Italian Crusade, though it faced a brief setback when they joined in the Second Orleans War. A Sardinian invasion of Piedmont temporarily distracted the main armies of Paris-Burgundy, only to be smashed, providing little contribution to the war effort. Sardinia therefore was not consulted in the final treaty which gave them virtually nothing. Sardinia continued to keep close ties to Spain under King Victor, even sending a few expeditionary brigades to assist in the war against the Caliphate from 1862 to 1865, securing some papal recognition for their efforts. The true military coup of King Victor's reign however would be the Tunisian Trade War, which resulted in an invasion and annexation of Tunis by the Sardinians. This helped cement Sardinian trade and merchant power in the Mediterranean Sea. King Victor's successor, Carlo III managed to expand Sardinia's industry, fueled by the commerce and trade that had been developed. After he died in 1888, King Matteo followed his programs and efforts, further expanding Sardinia's economy and industry. Sardinia continued development as a nautical power, playing a key role in the destruction of the Buzatto Force during the Great War. The island nation preserved its small empire and position in the wake of the war, and has continued to have a significant influence in regional trade, even after Italian unification. However, the recent growth of Italian, German, and British shipping interests has begun to sorely tax the Sardinians, particularly as newer commercial vessels require less stopping points and no long need to stop in Sardinian harbors.

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Scandinavia: The people of Scandinavia entered the 20th century full of an optimism and hope that was quickly and mercilessly dashed. Scandinavian political thinkers and heads of state were entirely optimistic as the clock chimed in the new year and new century that the European peace which had been maintained almost without incident throughout the 1880's and 1890's could be continued well into the 20th century. Scandinavia's major conflicts with the other European powers had been resolved, Scandinavia's active population of industrialists and colonialists had secured the best bits of the African pie for the empire, and Scandinavia's network of allies and associates throughout continental Europe (was strong. In the Year of Our Lord 1900, no one would have predicted either another Pomeranian Crisis or the Great War. The Guyanna Compromise, between Scandinavia, the Netherlands and Brazil was regarded as an unfortunate incident that nonetheless proved the strength of the ancient alliance between Scandinavia and the Republic of the Netherlands, a bonus at an intensely minor loss of some pithy South American colonies which did no good for the empire anymore. But uproar over Pomerania, and the ambitions of German states and the German Brotherhood over it, brought nationalism in Scandinavia to a boil and coupled with the Sicilian Incident, spelled the end of the successes of Scandinavian liberalism throughout the latter-half of the 19th century. Regardless, Scandinavians entered the Great War optimistic that they could achieve victory. Success in the North Sea, the destruction of Scapa Flow, and the glorious defense of Denmark did nothing to diminish Scandinavian pride and optimism, even if the beloved European peace had been shattered. The burning of the Oslo docks quickly reversed these trends, and fears that the failure of the Irish invasion would lead to the British and transatlantic fleets running up and down the Norwegian coast laying waste to important shipping and trade facilities ultimately forced the Bostrom government to spearhead the efforts to negotiate the terms for an armistice between the "Continental Powers" of Europe and the British "Allied" transatlantic coalition. In the postwar years, popular discontent and ultimately outrage was briefly pushed back by a resurgence of conservative, even reactionary, thought lead by former War Minister Litenfingret, who briefly became Chancellor. However, in 1909, public discontent at what was envisioned as "overly-democratic" flipflopping and eternally-compromising government from the Imperial Rikstag, and the mistreatment of Scandinavian workers and labor organizations after the worker protection reforms of the Liberal Party had been overturned, boiled over and lead to the December Coup, wherein proletarist-minded intellectuals, a select group of military officials, and a mobilized and angry proletariat established by force the Workers' Commonwealth. The leadership of this Revolution was quickly subordinated beneath Imperial Army officer Karl Mannerheim, who proclaimed himself First Proletarian, and quickly organized a system of deputies consisting of trusted and loyal military underlings, proletarist intellectuals, former Liberal Party members turned proletarists, and rabble-rousing demagogues. Thereafter, Mannerheim and his allies in the "Proletarist Cabal" decried by European reactionaries democratized labor, organized a new system of industrial and economic endeavor, and reestablished democratic government under the Manniskorstag. Regardless, Mannerheim and his select few remain in ultimate control as the "Revolutionary Government" who operate the machinery of the Revolutionary State, and shall not be replaced or remanded until the good work of the Revolution of the Proletariat is done not only in Scandinavia but in the world. Colleague Mannerheim's "Benevolent Dictatorship of the Proletariat" decried the loss of the colonies, the motives of industrialists and aristocrats who fled to Africa as purely monetary in nature, and attempted to negotiate a reunification settlement with the Kongo Society regime in the wake of the Revolution. In any case, the successes of the Revolution in Scandinavia and a resurgence of public optimism and dedication to the national and Revolutionary case, are maintained to speak for themselves. The people of Scandinavia resolutely look forward to the glorious future that has been promised to them by their First Proletarian and Syndic, Colleague Mannerheim, strong in the knowledge that their enemies are on the wrong side of history, and will inevitably be vanquished.

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Serbia: Serbia's fortunes have remained predominantly linked to those of Hungary since its independence was secured from the Roman Empire. King Louis Albert would continue to maintain close ties with both Hungary and the more northern Poland. Economic ties grew more with the latter, as Hungary destabilized throughout the whole of the latter part of the 1800s. The death of King Louis Albert in 1874 would go mostly unnoted by most of the crowned heads of Europe, as Serbia continued to be one of the poorest nations in Europe. The outbreak of the Great War brought Serbia into conflict, providing troops to aid the defense of Hungary with proportionately fewer losses than their larger neighbor. When the conflict was lost, it was recognized by treaty that Serbia fell firmly within the orbit of the Russian Empire. The Balkan nation refused to acknowledge this, and in 1916, reform began in an attempt to establish a republic combined with the young Bosnian nation. An immediate and brutal Russian intervention toppled the young regime and installed a member of the nobility loyal to the ideas of monarchy over mob rule. The new government has become much more mindful of its subordinate position to the Russian Empire and is now one of several satellite states in the region.

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Spain: In 1852, Spain was the undisputed greatest military and political power across the globe. The Spanish established the first empire upon which the sun never set, and has continued that policy to this day. Unfortunately though, the second half of the 1800s proved a tumultuous and devastating time for the Spanish Empire. The Italian Crusade cost them more than anyone in authority would care to admit, and the following Second Orleans War was similar, though in both Spain emerged relatively victorious. In 1854, the Spanish empire ceded independence to the Yucatan, and proceeded to loot the coffers and riches of the area before they left. In 1859, Hawaii would be ceded in its entirety to Spain by the United States of America prior to the American invasion of Panama. The next Spanish expansion would take place a year later in North Africa, as the Spanish invaded and annexed Tripolitania. The greatest challenge to Spain began in 1862 with the war against the Mamluk Caliphate. The war lasted three years and cost countless Spanish lives and finances, while a number of other European powers came out unscathed. In exchange, the Spanish gained control over northern Egypt and the Holy Land, giving them control of the region. At the end of the war in 1865, Emperor Carlos VI began passing a series of reform, to adjust the Spanish empire into a more liberal shape. The sheer political strength of the emperor allowed him to push onward with the reforms, but his death in 1869 sparked the outbreak of civil war as reactionaries and conservatives backed an alternative heir to the throne than the proper Philip IX. The Spanish Civil War lasted nearly five years and threatened to destabilize the whole of the Spanish Empire. Despite the raging conflict, Philip IX still spent plenty of resources financing the construction of the Suez Canal, which ultimately resulted in winning over much of the empire and its resources to his cause. Ultimately the proper Emperor Philip IX emerged victorious, reigning over a devastated empire. In 1874, Spain was barely able to get what it felt it deserved from the Treaty of Amsterdam. Furthermore, in the same year, the Spanish colony of Peru, once a center of imperial loyalty broke away, establishing an independent nation. In response, the following year, the Viceroyalties were established, reforming the Spanish empire as a whole. With these successes, Spain once more demonstrated its military strength with the invasion and conquest of Madagascar, subduing the native king. The final reform would take place in 1890 with the establishment of the Spanish Constitution, which sparked a secondary reactionary revolt, as well as a limited proletarist uprising in Madrid. These revolts were crushed by the Spanish army, but they did their damage to Spanish industry and economics. The arrival of the twentieth century saw only further disaster to Spain and its empire. The Great War devastated the nation's manpower and led to the slow deterioration of the larger empire. In 1916 the Indians gained independence, further detracting from their strength. The civil war which followed in 1917 saw an attempt to impose an absolutist monarchy upon Spain, but foreign intervention on the side of the Imperial Congress prevented the militarist coup. The new government now possesses a shattered peninsula, as the infrastructure and industry lies in ruins, and a major population and economic exodus is clearly in place, leaving the Spanish bereft of all forms of power. Time will tell if the Spanish will be able to at last recover from the wounds of the Great War or slide ever more into obscurity.

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Switzerland: After the Great War, the creation of a German state was well on the horizon for the rulers of Brandenburg and Austria, and this left the minorities in Austria in an awkward position. Not particularly willing to become minorities among even more Germans, groups like the Czechs and Swiss escalated their campaigns against the Austrian throne. The Swiss, despite being few in number, were continuously and optimistically against the Austrians, ultimately securing the establishment of the Swiss Free State from the formerly eastern cantons of Switzerland. The Swiss have since continued to be in a tough position as some agitators continue to provoke tensions with the Franco-Burgundian Confederation. Though the Confederation has recently passed reforms granting rights to their own Swiss, it seems as though the mere existence of the Free State will only continue to destabilize the region.

United Kingdom of Great Britain: The British faced a major defeat when they lost the War of the American Presidency, losing large chunks of their empire. This proved to be the second major defeat against Spain in less than twenty years, and seemed to settle the accounts between the two powers. After the end of the coalition's war in China and the partition of the Chinese regions in 1855, Britain withdrew into itself, remaining isolated from global politics and affairs in favor of free commerce and trade. This proved to be a massive boon for the British, driving their economy forward and leading to a surge in industry and commerce. In 1862, the British expanded their empire once more into Indochina with an invasion of Burma, and went through a two year war to complete their conquest. This war proved the first use of machine guns as a devastating weapon against a massed enemy, and the British ultimately succeeded. King John IX died in 1873, a year before the Treaty of Amsterdam would secure Britain's sphere of influence throughout Africa, granting them a substantially larger empire. His successor and daughter, Queen Anne, further led Britain in the conquest of Siam in 1883-1885, securing the whole of Indochina for the British crown. Unfortunately Britain's rapid expansion would be marred at the tail end of the nineteenth century with the outbreak of war with Russia in 1898. Threats of war from the Roman Empire and Scandinavia prevented the British from directly attacking any core regions of the Russian Empire, and were instead forced to wage war halfway around the world in New Britain. The long logistics and the massive Russian army proved too much for the British to handle, and the Anglo-Russian War came to an end in 1899, with a humiliating defeat for the British Empire. The British government learned that perhaps isolation would no longer suit them, as the Russians had acquired formidable friends, allowing them to achieve such a victory. The pursuit of allies led to new friendships with Hungary and Poland, diametrically opposed to the growth of the Russian Empire. This alliance led to extensive British involvement in the Great War, providing significant forces to defend Poland against the invaders. Aided by an assortment of allies, the British still failed to hold back the invasion, and Poland was annexed. Similarly, at sea, though the British emerged victorious, their great fleet was in ruins and naval power exhausted. Slowly surpassed by other naval powers both in Europe and around the world, the British once more have begun to fall back into isolationist tendencies, looking to consolidate the empire and build their strength once more.

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The Americas

Argentina: After the end of the Brazilian and Argentine intervention in Uruguay, Argentina underwent a substantial period of peaceful prosperity. Lucrative trade agreements and deals with the British Empire would bring in vast wealth and hordes of immigrants. Argentina had several periods of instability, dealing with the predominantly English-speaking immigrants, who quickly became a dominant force in Argentine politics. Thanks to the influence of these wealthy individuals, the first British president would be elected in 1881, as more and more British migrants spread and populated throughout Argentina's cities. Internationally, the Argentines have remained fairly isolated beyond local pacts with the Brazilians, though they did intervene in 1871 against a brutal dictator in Chile, establishing a local democracy. Furthermore, Argentina worked with the Empire of Brazil in a several year long war to restore democracy to Paraguay in 1874, cementing the alliance and friendship between the two powers. This would be tested in the Colombian War of 1886, when Argentina and Brazil challenged the American invasion of Colombia. The war would result in a victory for the allied states and the United States was forced to withdraw not only from Colombia, but also New Spain. At the turn of the century, Argentina was a stable, although perhaps minor, partner in the bloc consisting of most of South America as well as Britain. Unique among South American nations, its society is a unique blend of native, Spanish, British, and other European influences, although perhaps dominated by the intermixing of Spanish and English, Republican liberty and Colonial business. Althought initially focused upon military and eductational development, the eventual support of the distrusted Spanish for Colombian rebels would precipitate a change in Argentina's fortunes. Serving alongside the Great War Allies, primarily with their naval strength, Argentina was able to make remarkable territorial and economic gains as a result of the satisfactory peace of the Treaty of the Tuilleries and the Treaty of Madrid, and have shepherded the nation of Oranjien into the safety of republican sovereignty. The fifteen years since the war began have seen the dawning of a new age for Argentina, with a vigorous, diverse, and free domestic economy producing most of the world's automobiles and cinema, and providing opportunity for immigrants, citizens, and businesses, while still maintaining its traditional ties. Although the future of the idyllic South American peacetime remains unknown, with foreign and proletarist influences attempting to divide the continent and the world, Argentina remains hopeful that republican peace will prevail and laissez-faire prosperity reign in the Americas.

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Aztlan: After conquest by the Spanish in the nineteenth century, the Aztecs have struggled to continue to demonstrate their identity and strength. Called Nueva Leon for a time, the Aztecs were able to put pressure upon the Spanish Imperial Congress to rename the region "Aztlan," granting recognition of the local culture and nationality. They were making good progress towards true autonomy when the Great War broke out in 1905, and their homes became the sites of battles between the defenders and the invading American and Mayan armies. Even after the great war ended, the Aztecs joined with the remnants of the Spanish garrison in a guerilla war, eventually turning into full scale rebellion against the United States and the Mayans. Thanks to dogged resistance, the Aztecs eventually managed to secure their independence when the United States collapsed in 1912. For the next eight years, the Aztecs have built a surprisingly stable democracy through new ties with the Pacific Concord. In 1919 they withdrew from the Concord but have continued to maintain a strong friendship with Peru against the possibility of the threat of a renewed American or Mayan invasion.

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Brazil: The Empire of Brazil under Emperor Pedro II was peaceful and prosperous, attracting waves of immigrants from Europe, as well as developing a strong industrial base. This proved wise as coffee and other resources became challenged by sources in other markets, and the staples of Brazil's economy ultimately shifted. The shift from the plantation system ultimately resulted in a gradual weakening of slavery in Brazil, and the upper classes were content to see it depart, particularly with words and rumors out of the other slaveocracy in the United States of America. In the final years of Pedro II's reign, a war was fought to end a dictatorship established in Paraguay, and soon after Brazil welcomed Peru as an independent nation near the tail end of the Spanish Civil War. In 1876, emancipation was passed for the slaves of Brazil, with limited compensation for what few slave owners remained. Not long after, Emperor Pedro II died, the most beloved monarch of the Brazilian people. His daughter was proclaimed Empress Isabel, and under her rule, Brazil continued to grow and prosper. The Empress would face her greatest challenge when despite Brazilian warnings, the United States of America would invade Colombia in 1886. The Brazilian navy displayed its abilities in this conflict, humiliating the American fleet, and winning a decisive victory. A invasion of Panama failed though, but the Brazilians were able to achieve enough victories defensively to secure the independence of both Colombia and the occupied states of New Spain. Despite fears of a rematch with the United States, Brazil would wind up allying with America during the Great War. Brazilian fleets played a key role in combat in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, providing the breaking point against the enemy fleets. After the Great War, the relative strength of Brazil's navy towards all others catapulted the nation to great influence and standing, giving them a strong position diplomatically. Fueled by immense reparations paid by Spain, the Brazilians have continued to exploit their position as a naval power, exercising their might in the ongoing struggles with the United States. When the United States collapsed in 1912, the Brazilians intervened directly, first to liberate the Caribbean, and then to fight against the proletarist uprising in the South. Despite the failure of the latter expedition, Brazil continues to stand as the most stalwart opponent of proletarism in the Western Hemisphere.

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Chile: Chile proved to be a troubled nation in 1852, after a sortie by Brazil's navy reduced their own fleets to timbers. The reign of General Jose Hernandez continued to be plagued with uprisings and instability until his death in bed in 1858. After he died, with Argentine support, a new republic was established and proved to be fairly successful for a time. Unfortunately a candidate known as Lorenzo Vasquez was elected in 1866, and immediately assumed dictatorial powers and position. After only five years, a Argentine intervention led to the ouster of the dictator and the establishment of yet another Argentine backed democracy in Chile. This new republic would last twenty years until it was overthrown in a military coup by General Marquez Delgado, who declared martial law. Delgado was toppled himself in 1900, restoring a democracy for a time, and the new tyrant Pedro Mendez would rule only until 1906 when a pro-republican coup ousted him. The leader of the new coup, Pablo Montoya, has proven to be one of Chile's greatest heroes, and has been the democratically elected absolute ruler of Chile for all but four years since the revolt in 1906. His policies have defined the nation, retaining close ties with Peru and a growing distrust of Argentina and Brazil. In 1920, Chile remains a stalwart ally of Peru, looking to contain the surging power of the nations of the eastern coastal economic bloc.

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Colombia: Colombia in 1852 had finally begun to recovering from the devastating losses it had suffered in the few years it had been independent from Spain. As a democratic republic it was restoring economic security and new trading relationships with South America and Europe. Unfortunately the prosperity would come to an end in 1858, with an invasion by Venezuela. The Venezuelans launched their vicious attack and campaign, humiliating the Colombians in a prolong two year war. The Colombians were forced to cede their largest Atlantic port and several other provinces in the east. The result was an economic spiral and extreme poverty which continued for quite some time, making Colombia one of the most backward nations in South America. In 1886, the United States of America exploited this vulnerable position to extend their own manifest destiny to South America. The Colombians faced overwhelming numbers but called for aid and it came in the form of the Brazilian and Argentine alliance. These saviors managed to help Colombia oust the American invaders, and maintain their independence. Colombia found a debt of honor to be paid, and paid it in full during the course of the Great War and after. Many thousands of Colombian soldiers fought and died on battlefields during the Great War and the American Crisis, supporting their Brazilian allies, and eventually gaining control of Panama and its canal for their efforts. With the addition of Panama to their lands and a successful intervention against proletarism in Ecuador, Colombia is well on the road to prosperity once more, with a newfound spirit of growth and militarism guiding the way, but is also finding a route as a nation independent of the power plays between Peru and Brazil.

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Costa Rica: Costa Rica, like its sister nation of Honduras, was born out of the collapse of the United States of New Spain. Feeling left out of economic life in the country, fed up with corruption and being made the victims of the economic malaise, the Costa Ricans declared their secession along with Honduras in 1912 following the Federal refusal of their ultimatum. Costa Rica held out against the New Spanish offensive, bearing the brunt of the war until the Hondurans seized Managua. With the treaty of Managua passed, Costa Rica gained its independence, and the popular independence leader Cesar Mencia took power in 1913. However, by 1916 Mencia still refused to hold elections in the nation. Fed up with the growing absolute rule by the President, a cabal of military officers attempted to take matters into their own hands, and rose up against the Mencian government. However, roughly half the armed forces remained loyal to Mencia, and the country collapsed into a brief civil war that lasted several months. However, the Generals were defeated, after levelling much of the capital of San Jose, and Mencia continued to be in power. Cesar Mencia has continued to rule with an iron fist in Costa Rica, secure in his power. However, dissent and rebellion has continued to grow, with even his once loyal military officers allowing protests to continue. Costa Rica may be in for great change in the next few years, as the rule of Mencia grows weaker and liberalism rises to the fore.

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Cuba: The island of Cuba was one of Spain's most unruly colonies throughout the nineteenth century and this trend continued into the twentieth. The outbreak of the Great War in 1905 at last gave Cuba the opportunity it needed, and the island rose up in open rebellion. The United States provided extensive aid and support to the uprising, as well as helping to forge the island's new republic. The independence of Cuba was officially recognized with the end of the Great War in 1908, and the new government for a time stayed close with the Americans, until the beginning of the crisis in 1912. The collapse of the United States came as a great shock to Cubans, who began to look for a way to survive in the new world's geopolitical stage. After a failed intervention in East Florida, the Cubans have begun to grow closer with Brazil, politically and economically. This has seemed to have ramifications though, as Cuba's own plantation system has become severely devalued by Brazilian competition, and to make matters worse, over half a million American refugees are now calling the island home. They have begun to agitate against the Brazilians and many fear they could well force the island directly into the control of the newly restored central American government.

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Ecuador: King Simon I ruled Ecuador for decades following the nation gaining its independence from the Republic of New Granada. He had the unwavering support of Ecuador's military until his death in 1864. His son was crowned King Simon II and continued to rule with the full support of the army, preserving economic ties with various European powers and keeping Ecuador isolated from warfare and petty international politics. Near the end of his reign however, the disparity between his wealth and the wealth of the people was growing too obvious and the military was starting to favor the creation of a new government. Therefore when Simon II died in 1883, his son Simon III ruled for less than a year before he was deposed and exiled to Peru. A democracy was established, which lasted barely a decade before it was also overthrown in a de facto coup. The new President Felix Martinez was noted as one of the most corrupt autocrats in the world, and was highly unpopular both at home and abroad. Unfortunately for Ecuador, Martinez continued to exploit the people and nation in favor of his corporate friends for over another decade until he was at last deposed by a popular proletarian revolution in 1912. The next few years would be troubled for Ecuador, as the revolutionaries clearly disagreed on the course their nation would take. In 1917, the crisis came to an end as Peruvian and Colombian forces invaded, and by 1918 resistance was destroyed and a new government was established, as a new monarchy was placed upon the vacant Ecuadorian throne. The new government is evenly split between Colombian and Peruvian backers, while still sitting atop a nation displeased with foreign control of their nation and economy.

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Florida: The crisis in 1912 led to the total collapse of the United States of America. One of the successor states to emerge was the Grand Republic of Florida, carving out four states, including the great state of West Florida. The new Grand Republic quickly assured its independence in terms with the Federal government in Charleston and the military regime in Denver. Combined with a ceasefire and recognition of Aztec independence, the majority of Florida's military might was turned in a bloody war throughout the swamps of eastern West Florida, struggling for control of the vital port of New Barcelona. After heavy fighting the proletarists managed to preserve their control over the port, and the Floridians have since recognized their ownership of the city. Since the end of the crisis, the Floridians have built strong ties with the government of Jacksonia and the Pacific Concord, fearful of the possibilities of a resurgent and vengeful United States Federal government or worse, the aggressive tendencies of the new proletarist state upon their very borders.

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Hispaniola: Hispaniola was one of the more loyal colonies of Spain in the Caribbean, but it did possess a substantial underbelly of radicals and proletarists struggling against Spanish imperial rule. During the Great War, however, Hispaniola was the last and greatest bastion of Spanish resistance against the American offensive in the Caribbean, costing the American army numerous lives to take the island. The Spanish were defeated, and with peace in 1908, the Spanish were forced to cede Hispaniola along with numerous other possessions to the Americans. The island seethed under American rule and proved to be a further hotbed of resistance, particularly among the island's black population. When the American nation fell apart in 1912, Hispaniola would once more become a battleground, as the Brazilians moved north. In 1913, Hispaniola gained its independence and has forged a prosperous republic in the years since. They have kept their close ties with Brazil, and so far seem well on the road to recovery from the devastation of the past twenty years.

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Honduras: Honduras was born out of the collapse of the United States of New Spain in 1913, and the subsequent war of Secession. Honduras had long felt left out of the New Spanish union, with most governors and presidents coming from Costa Rica and Nicaragua. With the economic crisis showing no sign of letting up, Honduras and Costa Rica demanded greater powers for the States and the resignation of the current central government. When the Federals refused, Honduras and Costa Rica declared their secession. The Federals were unable to defeat the Hondurans and Costa Ricans, and signed peace when Honduran soldiers broke into the capital of Managua. Honduras and Costa Rica demanded full independence, and that the Federals step down and dissolve New Spain. With the United States destroyed, Honduras has enjoyed prosperity since its formal independence in 1913. With new ties to brazil, it has enjoyed a large airforce for a small Central American nation and looks ready to halt against any attack from the reconstituted New Spanish remnant to the south.

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Jacksonia: Like Florida, Jacksonia was one of several successor states when the United States collapsed in 1912. In 1913, Jacksonia fought a hard battle with the Military District of Utah, but eventually managed to secure a peace and recognition from the new Allied Territories based out of Denver and the Federal government in Charleston. The Jacksonians since then have remained at peace, building strong political ties with both Vinland and Japan, looking to build up its own economic and military strength. The Jacksonians have also recently established a monetary union with the Floridian government, bringing those two nations closer together economically and politically. The restoration of the United States out of Washington on the East Coast has created some concern that another war may occur, but the Jacksonian people stand steadfast in their position as a West Coast power.

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Jamaica: Jamaica would languish under the iron heel of General Philip Burton for much of the 1800s, until his death in 1867. After Burton died, a new republic was established with a new constitution, forever forbidding military interference in the government. The new Jamaican republic has gone out of its way to ingratiate itself with a number of major powers, fearing the massive might of the nearby United States of America. This saw growing trade with both the United Kingdom and Spain, as Jamaica seeks to preserve its independence from the belligerent Americans. Unfortunately, the Great War has disrupted Jamaica's modest prosperity, and since the conclusion of that conflict, the old Jamaican economic staple of plantation goods has been sharply in decline amid growing Brazilian competition. The result has been severe economic and political instability over the past twenty years, culminating in what appeared to be an attempted proletarist invasion in 1919. Though the attack was repulsed, Jamaica is under the very real threat of a political failure in its aftermath.

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Mayan Republic: The Mayan Republic is a state in crisis. Gaining independence in the 1860s after a prolonged war for independence against Spain, it was immediately invaded by the forces of New Spain in their aim of unifying the former colony of New Spain and conquering the Yucatan. However, it was able to fight them off, gaining independence while severely weakening the New Spanish state. With New Spain still a present threat for the Mayans, they began to build closer ties with the United States of America and their former colonial masters in Spain. With the outbreak of the Great War in 1905, the Yucatan then found themselves fighting with their former enemies New Spain against the Spanish, along with the United States. The Mayans fought bravely, assisting the Americans in the invasion of Aztlan, and were rewarded with half of the former colony at the close of the war. However, for the Mayans the war was not over. The former colony of Aztlan was rife with Aztec nationalists, who were joined by the former Spanish soldiers who fled to the hills. The Aztec guerillas bled the Mayan occupation force dry, until 1910, when they rose up in revolt against the Mayans. The Mayan army was crushed, but the war continued until 1913, with the Mayans unable to make any headway against Aztec forces. The Mayan Republic eventually granted Aztlan its independence, turning their back on their acquisitions during the Great War. During the same year, the Caribbean was struck by an immense hurricane, which savaged the coastlines of Cuba, Jamaica, and the Mayan Republic. The capital of Belize was struck, and was almost destroyed by the hurricane, which killed 15,000 people in the Mayan Republic alone. On the back of dissatisfaction with the government's rebuilding program, as well as the loss of Aztlan, the Mayan military under General Ceh Pech launched a brutal military coup in the capital against the elected government. However, his coup attempt was foiled by the Republicans, who gathered themselves in the major urban centres and resisted Ceh Pech. The country was plunged into a several month long civil war, which only ended when the military finally crushed the Republican forces in a week long bloodbath in Belize. With the civil war over, Ceh Pech was now free to rule. The government of Ceh Pech, however, is still dangerously unstable. Almost immediately after his victory, the people of the Mayan Republic came out en masse to protest against the new curfew that was put in place. This swiftly turned into a brutal riot, which was put down by the military. To pacify the country, Ceh Pech arrested the Republican movement en masse in 1915. However, they managed to escape prison in 1917, remaining at large in the country's jungles that served it so well during the War of Independence. Now, as the third decade of the 20th Century looms, Ceh Pech marshals his forces and clings to his weakening hold over the country, the Republicans gather their loyalists and arm themselves, and many in the Mayan Republic fear that another civil war is imminent.

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Nicaragua: The 20th Century was not kind to the United States of New Spain. The nation entered the 20th Century in poor shape, having suffered from the war against the American occupation and only gaining independence a mere 14 years before. The Rivera Scheme, the sole source of income for much of the country, was soon made redundant by the construction of the Panama Canal in 1903. Many in New Spain hoped that the country would be the site of a Nicaragua canal, constructed by the British and Brazilians in opposition to the Americans. However, the joining of America against Brazil and Britain during the Great War sealed this as impossible, and New Spain began to languish economically.With strikes, proletarist revolts and crime becoming rampant, and the country firmly in the grip of a deep economic malaise, many in the country began considering secession. The two states of Honduras and Costa Rica blamed the central government for the issues, particularly the old centralisation of power under Carlos Rivera, the nations first President, in the 1840ies. The states demanded more and more power to state legislatures, the resignation of the current Conservative government, and immediate new elections. The central government refused, and the states called up their militias. With the Federal government's ultimatum expired, Costa Rica and Honduras declared their secession from the United States of New Spain in early 1912. The War of Secession had begun. The Federals launched an assault on the rebellious provinces, however, they were unable to make much headway due to frequent defections from their own soldiers. With New Spain desperate to end the war, the federal government launched a major offensive into Costa Rica, the weaker of the two. However, this allowed the Hondurans to make their own offensive, which seized Managua in a brutal battle. With Managua lost, the Federals signed peace with the secessionists. The United States of New Spain now only consisted of the states of Nicaragua and Mosquito, which had decided to stay with the Federals. However, the New Spanish government was unable to survive without its provinces, and was swiftly dismantled, with the provincial legislature of Nicaragua taking over and formally annexing Mosquito. The government of Nicaragua then began looking for people to blame. Its eyes turned to the military, who were deemed to blame for the economic collapse and the failure of the War of Secession. The central government instituted a purge of the military, weeding 'disloyal' members of the armed forces out. However, this only infuriated the already angry military. In 1915, the military launched a coup against the central government, led by General Manuel Cavrera. General Cavrera declared himself Presidente in the Current State of National Emergency, and reconstituted the United States of New Spain, along with the old flag. Now, Cavrera and his military allies seek to reunite New Spain once more, against the protests of his foes in Honduras and Costa Rica.

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Paraguay: Paraguay's economy and stable democracy would serve as the envy of South America for years after President de Francia had given up his rule. Paraguay was involved in the intervention in Uruguay and continued to build an economic and political alliance with both Brazil and Argentina. Unfortunately, an ambitious general named Antonio Santos overthrew the democracy in 1866, and continued to rule, looting the nation's wealth and resources to feed his lavish lifestyle. In 1872, after years of sanctions failed to produce change, Argentina and Brazil invaded, hoping to restore the republic. The invasion proved successful with Santos' death in battle in 1874, and the allied nations established a new republic in Paraguay. The new republic proved equally successful to the old and began new prosperous ties with both Brazil and Argentina, remaining economically and politically linked to those two powers. These ties have become incredibly lucrative over the past twenty years, and Paraguay has sought to defend them. To this end, Paraguay provided substantial economic and military support to Brazil's efforts in both the Great War and the American Crisis. Since the conclusion of those conflicts, Paraguay has remained focused on its prosperity and continues to be one of the wealthiest nations per capita in the Western world.

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Peru: Peru emerged from its independence only in 1874, having delayed for as long as possible out of its loyalty and dedication to the Spanish Empire. One of the faster growing economies in the world, Peru is blessed by the defensive strength of its topology and cursed with the difficulty of developing its terrain despite a thriving mining industry and agricultural sector, thanks to the productive yet sustainable terrace farming methods inherited by the Incas. In 1900 Peru's population remained a mere one third the size of what the Incans had once boasted at their height before being thouroughly decimated by Peru’s conquistador ancestors and assimilated by subsequent settlement over centuries. In 1900 Peru joined a conference held in Rio against the American dictatorship, and together with Venezuela responded minimally to an offer by Spain for the possibility of creating a Spanish cultural organization. Though the cultural initiative failed the suggestion was revived by Peru in 1918, which was met with enthusiasm in Madrid. Peru would eventually fought on the side of the UK-Brazilian alliance, sending a fleet and losing a trifle six thousand sailors in the name of the allies over the next few years. Peru would experience extensive unrest in 1908 due to the betrayal of Spain and a growing Argentine and Brazilian economic influence that sat uneasy with its population. The unrest would eventually subside back into contentment with a European-Asian realignment by the Party of Order in 1910. Between 1910-1912 Peru began to seek close ties with Japan, at the time exceedingly popular in its colonies, and traded military technology with Russia, with whom it held a love-hate relationship, disgusted with the Tsar's genocidal policies and authoritarian nature yet enamored with his hostility towards Brazil. From the Great War Peru took notice of the infidelity of Continental nations towards each other. Though forced to realize the strength and loyalty of the core members of the UK-Brazilian alliance towards other core members Peru also observed the abandonment of Georgia and Poland to the conquest of Russia, and despite booming postwar economies across the Atlantic an Alliance that left a Prussian exodus and a Hungary torn apart by revolution and separatism for the Continental nations and neutrals to repair. A joint intervention by Colombia and Peru in 1916 succeeded in bringing Ecuador under control in 1917 and improving its stability. In 1919 elections saw a skeptical electorate tolerate continued rule by the existing conservative government over a liberal replacement largely due to the latter's support for the perverse government of Rio and its yearly threats of war with the Concord before the 1919 elections.

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Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico served as a crown colony to the Spanish Empire throughout that nations colonial history up until the Great War, where, after years of protests, the United States of America, on the side of the Allies, invaded the Spanish Caribbean and annexed the island. Puerto Rico had gone from one tyrant to another in short order, greatly insulting the people that called for independence. With the American Civil War of 1912 the Brazilian Empire invaded the Federal remnants in the Caribbean, liberating the Puerto Ricans at last. Now Puerto Rico stands as an independent republic, alongside Hispaniola, and looks towards the future with optimism.

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United Proletarist Republics of America: General Scott's coup d'etat in the nineteenth century firmly established Southern cultural dominance over the American political system. The first law the Scott Congress passed was a federal slave code, establishing slavery in all states and territories of the USA; over the next seventy years, slavery would flourish in the plantations of the South, and take deep root in the coal mines of Appalachia. The rise of the United American Republic and the collapse of Federal authority would give the slaves their chance at deliverance; in the world's second successful slave revolt, the American slaves, with faith in Christ and tactics from Marques, would form three separate socialist republics. Joined by treaty into their own Union, with a liberated zone reaching from Key West to Cincinnati, the UPRA keeps one eye on its neighbors and one eye on developing the vast untapped potential of the American Southeast. While great splits in ideology divide the former Appalachian, Mississippi, Tennessee and Okeechobee republics, they are held together by shared ideology and by the personal friendships established during their war of liberation.

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United States of America: The United States of America came out of the War of the American Presidency with a new government and a new outlook. The restoration of Jacksonia in 1853 would prove as the first step towards the establishment of a true new regime. A new Constitution was created in 1856 and signed off upon, granting the right to vote and rule only to those who had served in the military. The new American government proved relentless in pursuit of the ideal American Manifest Destiny, ultimately leading to the invasion of Panama in 1861. The entry of New Spain into the conflict proved to be only a minor speed bump in the conquest of the region, providing more lands for American business to exploit. After the end of the war in Panama, the United States turned inward for a time, and this period saw a series of genocidal conflicts against the native tribes of the United States. By 1883, any native American tribes within the borders of the United States of America were extinct or managed to flee through equally hostile Vinlanders into the far north. Similarly, the institution of slavery, dispute lukewarm calls to abolish it, changed during this period. The supremacy of industry and the mechanization of agriculture initially began diminishing the usefulness of slaves. However, some ambitious southerners began a process of integrating agriculture with industry. These new "super plantations" incorporated the growth of cotton and other cash crops with the production of related industrial goods, combining the resources of a number of former plantations. The United States would face its greatest international challenge in 1886 when it attempted to further territorial control by invading Colombia. Unfortunately the interference of Brazil and Argentina resulted in a humiliating naval defeat and the loss of the occupied states of New Spain. Afterwards, the United States would face a minor slave rebellion in 1894, which served as an ominous precursor towards the future. The outbreak of the Great War in 1905 seemed to create the United States as a global power, as American soldiers fought in Aztlan, the Atlantic, the Caribbean, and even in Poland. The end of the war established American control over the Caribbean and Aztlan, but the resemblance of power proved illusionary. In 1912, a series of events brought the nation spiraling out of control, as numerous factions and power hungry dictators sought to establish control in a power vacuum created by the slave rebellion in the South and the assassination of the President. Ultimately, the Free American Republic based out of Boston and the Federal government in Charleston managed to reunify, eventually securing the loyalty of the Allied Territories of America as well. The new government recognized the independence of the new proletarist republics, as well as the other lost territories. Though humbled and devastated by nearly eight years of civil war, the Americans now stand optimistically in the hopes that United States' position of glory can one day be restored.

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Uruguay: The nineteenth century intervention in Uruguay by Brazil and Argentina proved to be a turning point in this nation's history. The Uruguayans began then their long process of recovery and the restoration of a republic. This time, the republic would take full hold of Uruguay's position, and they were clearly under the economic and political influence of both Brazil and Argentina. Large amounts of wealth began to flow through Uruguay, restoring the nation fairly quickly, particularly as peace reigned in the region. The Uruguayans would remain neutral from a number of wars and petty conflicts in the region, though they did send a volunteer brigade to assist in the liberation of Paraguay in 1874. When war broke out with the United States of America in 1886, Uruguay remained neutral, though they did participate in the South American trade embargo. Ultimately Uruguayan mediation led to an end to the war, bringing the nation closer to Brazil. When Brazil involved itself in the Great War and the American Crisis, Uruguay was quick to send support and aid for their cause. This did create a anti-military backlash, but the social consequences have been fairly minor. The republic continues to stand as a beacon towards prosperity and growth, thanks to secure borders with friendly nations, and growing trade throughout the region.

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Venezuela: Despite several military coup attempts and revolts throughout the 1850s and 1860s, Carlos Soublette would remain the absolute dictator of Venezuela until his death in 1870. In 1858, he used his newly centralized army and navy to wage war upon Colombia, hoping to expand his control and influence in South America. The war turned out to be an astonishing success, smashing the Colombians, and capturing Bogota in early 1860. The Colombians were forced to cede to all the Venezuelan demands, turning over a number of disputed eastern provinces. Under Soublette, Venezuela continued to prosper from trade with both Spain and the United States of America. This lucrative trade caused Venezuela to turn a blind eye to the American invasion of Panama in 1861, and the annexation of that state and New Spain. The death of Carlos Soublette in 1870 would lead to the creation of a new constitution and democracy, creating a stable republic. The republic would continue throughout the remainder of the 1800s, profiting from trade with their traditional partners. Venezuela alienated themselves from the rest of South America in the 1880s when they offered support and aid for the American invasion of Colombia, becoming rich off the sale of goods to the American armies. Venezuela retained close ties with the United States, exploiting the Great War to seize islands in the Caribbean from Spain and its allies. In 1909, they took a step closer, as the military, idolizing American military control over its people, seized power in a violent coup. The military government of Felipe Trujillo has since ruled Venezuela with an iron fist, but the collapse of the United States in 1912 led to the loss of the nation's only real ally. The government of Venezuela has kept below the geopolitical radar since then, though they have built a limited friendship with the nation of Peru.

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Vinland: The last half-century has been a time of transition for Vinland, as this North American country changed incrementally from a quiet colony of the Scandinavian Empire to a fully-independent nation. A national awakening began in the latter half of the 19th century followed by some minor political unrest led to the proclamation of the Kingdom of Vinland in 1865, and the establishment of an elected Riksdag two years thereafter. While Empress Kristina II of Scandinavia remained the Head of State, Vinland was able to exercise its independence more and more until 1895, when the Empress abdicated at the Riksdag's behest. A cadet branch of the Scandinavian and Pomeranian royal families was invited to assume the throne, styling itself the House of Gyllensvärd, in respect to the Vinlandic national emblem. Politically, control of the Riksdag fluctuated regularly, with few Statsministers serving more than a single consecutive term. Despite, or perhaps because of this instability, Vinland has made strong advances in the fields of social services and workers' rights. Despite this domestic independence, Vinland would continue to respect the de jure authority of Scandinavia over foreign matters until the Atlantic War (as the Great War is known in Vinland), where Vinland made a landmark break from the policies of the fatherland by declaring neutrality. The Scandinavian Revolution that followed the war served to abruptly sever the ties between these two nations, leaving Vinland diplomatically adrift, a situation that largely remains the case to this day. Relative isolation has forced Vinland towards developing greater self-sufficiency, accelerating an ongoing transition from a purely resource-based economy to one that is diversified, built on a combination of agriculture, extraction and manufacturing. With the loss of Scandinavia's protection, and violent instability following the American collapse, Vinland has also had to substantially expand its military. The intersection of these two circumstances has unexpectedly propelled Vinland into the North American spotlight, as it now must play a major role in continental affairs.

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Africa/Middle East

Afghanistan: The Afghans were an oppressed minority of the Persian Empire ever since the Durrani Empire was crushed in the early 1830s. A simmering guerilla war began with the dawn of the twentieth century, and by 1910, escalated into a full scale rebellion among the local nobility and tribal leaders. Led by a member of the Durrani noble family, which has retained its preeminent position over the decades, the rebellion fared well against the Persian armies, holding them back from Kabul, the center of Afghan power. Eventually Persia was forced to cede Afghanistan its independence and a new kingdom was forged from the peace. The Afghans have since been effectively isolated from geopolitics, maintaining a quiet place between the various empires surrounding them.

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Angola: The Dominion of Angola was established in 1912, after the colony of Angola was seized from Spain by Brazil. The new government was modeled after the Brazilians, with the Brazilian emperor still their titular head. The Angolans have suffered through the years, facing a number of devastating and destructive floods in the rural regions of the nation. Aid from Brazil for the common people and the current government's policies have led to continuing economic progress and growth throughout the region and rapid reconstruction from nature's wrath. In 1920, Angola is prosperous and unified, though some do chafe under the tight economic and politcal restrictions placed upon them by Brazil's dominance and treaties.

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Arabian Empire: In 1852, it had appeared that the fortunes of the Mamluke Caliphate had finally been reversed, as the Sennar Sultanate was crushed and a purge of the army resulted in increased stability. Furthermore, the Wahabi rebels were decisively crushed in 1853, eliminating yet another threat against the Caliph. Two years later, ambitious of his chances of victory, Caliph Abdul Bitar initiated an invasion of Persia, blaming them for the prior misfortunes of the Caliphate. The war started well, but began swinging back and forth for nearly five years. Western Persia and the lands around the Tigris and Euphrates were devastated, as thousands died in a stalemated conflict. By 1860, both Persia and the Caliphate were exhausted of war, and the stalemate was turned into a peace restoring the borders which existed before the war. Fortunately the peace would spare the Caliphate from yet another front in the greatest challenge to come. In 1862, less than two years after the war with Persia ended, the Caliphate came under a vicious assault from a number of allied Christian powers. In what some called in Europe, the Tenth Crusade, Spain, Scandinavia, the Roman Empire, and a host of smaller Christian states invaded the Caliphate. Egypt was lost to the invaders, as was Jerusalem and most of what the Christians referred to as the Holy Land. Despite their exhaustion from the previous war, the veteran soldiers of the Caliph's served a good account of themselves against the invaders. Regardless, the Caliph was forced to sign a devastating peace, losing large tracts of territory, including the vibrant heartlands of Egypt. This major defeat sent the Caliphate into a spiral, ending with the assassination of the Caliph in 1886, and the proclamation of the Arabian Empire in Baghdad by his assassins. Emperor Dawud managed to preserve the new nation, winning yet another war against the Persians in 1889 using designs and doctrines patterned off those of Spain, and securing the position of the Arabian Empire as still the strongest independent nation in the Middle East until his death in 1899. Dawud's successor, Emperor Matta, would lead the Arabian Empire through a turbulent and ultimately successful rule. Emperor Matta's supportive stance on state sponsored Nationalism would see an increase of Arab violence throughout the Middle East with attacks being made upon Persian citizens within the Arabian Empire. This Nationalism ultimately culminated into a major Arab revolt within the Spanish Holy Land colony. Not wanting to lose the initiative Emperor Matta declared war against the Empire of Spain with the goal of liberating the oppressed Arabs of the region. As expected war with Spain also meant war with Persia and her Turkish puppet. With her superior Armed forces as well as support from Kurdistan and the Allies victory was ultimately achieved for the Arabian Empire. With this victory came the liberation of the Holy Land to the Arabian Empire. In the aftermath of the Great War Arab Nationalism continued to spark throughout the Arabian Peninsular ultimately leading to an attempted Arab Revolution within the Kingdom of Oman. This revolution while ultimately a failure almost sparked a war between the Arabian Empire and the Oman-Yemen Alliance as these Nations threatened the Arabian Empire to cease its Nationalist policies. Unwilling to back their threats war was ultimately averted however relations throughout the Arabian Peninsular were severed leading to a period of distrust in the region. The death of Emperor Matta bought about a period of mourning in the Arabian Empire. Emperor Mohammed ascended the throne with the hope of a peaceful and stable reign however minor border skirmishes would be the norm in the South of the Arabian Peninsular. Ultimately these would escalate in 1919 to all out war as the valiant forces of the Arabian Empire finally responded to put an end to these skirmishes once and for all. With an untested ruler and a brutal war in the making the strength and willpower of the Arabian Empire and her people will be tested yet again.

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Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan's independence from the Roman Empire was hard won, and the peace they enjoyed throughout most of the nineteenth century was worth the cost. Despite the constant threat of war with Georgia, Shah Ismail's reign was incredibly peaceful, as skirmishes died down and Georgia focused more upon their northern and southern borders. The death of Ismail in 1868 was mourned across a nation which had hardly known much war or strife. The rise of Shah Samad proved to be a further harbinger of increased prosperity, building new ties with Persia and Cizre Bohtan. The relationship was proven with the support given to the Persians in their war against the newly formed Arabian Empire in 1889, though it was only economic, rather than military aid. The current Azerbaijani monarchy has been struggling to preserve the nation's independence, and the discovery of oil in 1919 has offered a chance for growing wealth. Unfortunately, many are concerned such wealth could lead to foreign occupation or attack to seize the resources. Increased belligerence by the Russian Empire has become the rising factor in Azerbaijan's politics in recent years, fearful that the Russians may push south in the local political games with the Persians.

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Hollandia: The nation of Hollandia was declared a sovereign nation not long ago in 1917, liberating themselves from Dutch rule. The outbreak of war with Germany in Europe prevented any real coordinated response to the uprising, and several Dutch attempts to retake the colony have only ended in humiliating disaster. The Hollandians have mobilized their forces considerably, and a state of war continues to exist with the motherland, but most are optimistic that any further Dutch attempts to retake their lands will only end in greater failure.

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Kongo: The Empire of Scandinavia underwent a tumultuous and momentous revolution in 1909, as a nearly bloodless revolt led to the toppling of the elected government in Stockholm. With the rebel mob at the gates, the emperor and much of the upper and even middle classes fled the city, and later the country. Their lands at home and sources of industrial wealth nationalized by the proletarists, the members of the Kongo Colonial Society since sponsored the development of a new headquarters in the colonial city of Haraldsholm. They have since been attempting to build greater international support for a coalition to retake Scandinavia from the proletarists and to destroy the new regime in Stockholm. The effort has been an uphill battle, and so far it seems that only the Russians remain loyal to their good friend, the Scandinavian emperor.

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Kurdistan: Kurdistan was a nation baptized by fire. In 1902, the majority of Cizre Bohtan was made up of Kurdish people, and many parts of the military were Kurdish. Aggravated by unfair treatment, the Kurds rose up and seized power, ousting Sultan Badr Beg II and replacing him with King Mahmud I. Despite some dissent over a monarchy, the people decided that it was best, in the name of Allah. In 1904, King Mahmud I allied himself with Arabia, just in time to join the Great War in defense of its ally, Arabia, and joining the side of the Krakow Pact. In 1905, Kurdistan began its offensive with Arabia against Turkey, succeeding the next year in assimilating the Turkish nation. This success spurred on Kurdistan to start to fight against Persia. Despite the signing of the Treaty of Tuileries, Kurdistan annexed Turkey, and continued the war against Persia.
In 1908, Kurdistan's war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Madrid, and King Mahmud signed an alliance with Arabia called the Baghdad Pact. Meanwhile, Persia and Chaldea (the latter having found tension with Kurdistan due to a new rebel group that Chaldea was assisting, the Young Turks) founded a defensive pact, urging on more tensions. The tensions broke with Chaldea invading Kurdistan, and a new war erupting in the Middle East. Tired of war (and under threat from Russia), the involved parties signed the Treaty of Batman (a Turkish town), exchanging a western chunk of Kurdistan for some extra money. After some years of peace, the Young Turks launched a Turkish-backed rebellion, starting yet another war. Kurdistan, which had been focusing on its navy and industry, had its massive investments annihilated by the Turkish invasion, and was dealt a weakening blow. Despite the fact that it was at one time a major power and still has major allies, none have been willing to directly assist. Quite the opposite; Rome has instead deployed troops to defend the pre-war borders. Peace talks have started to commence, and the fate of Kurdistan is still unknown.

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Oman: Oman barely retained its status as a nation when they lost their possessions in East Africa to Sweden and the Netherlands. After years of turmoil and unrest, the sultans finally managed to restore order and establish the dominance of Muscat over the rest of Oman. The Omanis continued to build up their strength internally under the rule of Khalid bin Sultan until his death in 1891. Under his rule, European influences were resisted and Oman continued close relationships with both the Caliphate and the successor state of the Arabian Empire. Khalid's son, Abdul bin Sultan has proven an able successor, remaining close to the Arabian Empire, but has open his doors to advisors from Europe. This came with a number of military reforms with the aid of both Persia and the Arabian Empire. The trend towards friendship with the Arabian Empire ended prior to the Great War as the Arab emperors sponsored the radical Sons of Arabia, who have launched a campaign against most other local monarchs. An attempted uprising in 1914 cemented the hatred for the emperor, and culminated in an Arabian attack on both Oman and Yemen in 1919. With a new war begun, Oman has begun a desperate fight for its very survival.

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Oranjien: The Danish colony of Oranjien was happy and loyal entering into the twentieth century, and very little dissent existed against the Danish throne. During the Great War, however, a Argentine and Brazil led invasion ended with the collapse of Danish colonial rule. For a time, the colony was maintained as a possession of Argentina, but the local population greatly resisted this development, and Argentina was forced to cede greater local autonomy. The colony gained independence in 1912, and the first elections were held the following year. The new republic has since remained economically close with Argentina, and though the nation had started with a simmering dislike for their temporary overlords, the wealth and prosperity brought to them from the west is undeniable. The current government retains its policies, minimizing the contributions of any native populations in favor of the significantly larger white colonial majority and peoples.

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Persia: Persia was an ascendant empire in 1852 after their conquest of the Durrani Empire and a large swathe of the Khazak Khanate. The Persian army remained one of the best in the region, and it would be sorely put to the test with the Caliph's invasion in 1855. The Persian army managed to acquit itself fairly well against a much larger conscripted army and the economic force behind it. The Persians were even able to temporarily invest and occupy Baghdad and Basra before being driven out in 1858. The war came to a complete end in 1860, and Persia was by far the more exhausted of the two, still managing to achieve a return to the pre-war status quo in diplomatic talks. Persia was so taxed by the war, however, that they were unable to participate when a large European coalition brought down the Caliph and his armies. The young Nasar al-din learned from this, however, and watched as the Caliphate failed to protect Islam's holy places from the European occupation and attack. Nasar spent much of his reign securing control over the clergy and government, emphasizing the superiority of the Shia sect and a religious government. Near the end of his life in 1889, Nasar led a new invasion of the fledgling Arabian Empire, hoping to extend Shia control further into Arabia. The invasion was a monstrous failure, and Nasar would die the following year with nothing to show for his gamble. The new ruler, Nadir al-Din proved to be a bit more effective but saw even less success on the battlefield. The Great War turned into a bloody stalemate against the Arabian Empire once more, and though nothing was lost, nothing was gained either. As with his father, he died shortly after his defeat in the war, and his successor has had immense troubles holding onto the larger empire. The loss of Afghanistan in 1910 served to spur growing Khazak unrest which in turn has sparked rising tensions with the Russians to the north. It seems that the Persians are in a troubled situation but with wars to their west, it is plausible that a new attempt to assert dominance over the Islamic world could be successful.

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Pontus: The Constantinople Event of 1903 crippled the Roman Empire almost overnight, and the destruction of the bureaucracy led to the crumbling of the edges of the realm. Bulgaria was the first to revolt, and the provinces of Opsikion and Chaldea quickly followed. These two became closely tied in terms of alliance against the rule of the new imperator in Athens, but when greater troubles emerged with the Turk population, the leader of the Chaldean province, Anthimos Stavridis, cut his losses. Chaldea abandoned their allies in Opsikion to the wrath of the new imperator in order to secure its own independence. In 1909, Stavridis proclaimed the new Pontic Republic, promising a new era of local rule and support for the people. Furthermore, a treaty with Kurdistan ended the threat of war with the Kurdish people in exchange for control of western Turkey. Unfortuantely, in 1910, the Turks rose in rebellion against the young republic, and secured their independence and the restoration of an independent state several years later. The Pontic Republic has since begun a new policy of lauding its Greek past, and it seems that the racial tensions may emerge once more, as the very large minority of Turks continue to resist the pro-Greek policies of the government. Many are concerned that if the regime follows its current course of pursuing the Greek heritage, they could very well spark a new civil war in the form of a fresh Turk rebellion.

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Turkey: The Turkish Sultanate in 1852 was a nation alive only by the generosity of the Roman Empire. Their humiliating defeat only a few years earlier left them in a subservient position to Constantinople, forced to allow Roman troops to cross their territory at will. The outbreak of the coalition war against the Mamluk Caliphate in 1862 forced Turkey to side with the Romans, allowing them to invade the northern Caliphate from their lands and base in Konya. Turkish armies served alongside the Roman legions, smashing through the Caliph's lines and securing victories in battle. After the war, internal dissent and unrest caused immense problems for the Roman overlords and they were forced to abandon their bases without much fanfare in 1882. During the first three years of the twentieth century, Turkish dissent against the Greeks of Constantinople resulted in the overthrow of the old sultan. The Roman withdrawal from Turkey became complete with the Constantinople Event of 1903. The destruction of the Roman capital led to the Turks being able to forge a new identity, and new allies, drawing closer to the Spanish. The outbreak of the Great War in 1905 led to the Turks throwing their support behind the Spanish in the war against the Arabian Empire, and this proved to be a critical mistake. The Kurds joined with the Arabs, and in a brutal campaign, conquered the whole of the Turkish sultanate. In 1909, they turned over the western half of these lands to the Pontic Republic, which spurred a new rebellion. In 1912 they secured their independence and freedom, but the peace would not last for long. Kurdish discrimination and actions against their Turkish population led to an uprising in eastern Turkey in 1917, and the Turkish government responded by sending in the army to support the rebels. The war continues to this day, and it seems that the fighting has stagnated as the Turks refuse to give up their newfound gains, and the Kurds stubbornly insist upon retaining their territory.

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Yemen: Yemen spent the period from 1852 to 1880 completing an excruciating series of reforms and minor wars against local nomads. The Yemenis managed to crush the various nomadic interests under the rule of Mohammed Rashid until his death in 1866. His successor Nabar Rashid would complete the centralization reforms and open Yemen up to trade with the colonial powers of Europe. The Treaty of Amsterdam in 1874 meant extensive new trade opportunities, and Yemen embraced the rising trade with Scandinavia. Nabar Rashid would follow Scandinavian military lead until his death in 1894, when Abdul Rashid took the throne. The new sultan did well in leading Yemen, and the nation has prospered from lucrative European trade, and continued to into the twentieth century. The Great War brought more prosperity, though the destruction of the Suez Canal led to an economic crisis as ships coming through the canal were immensely profitable to Yemeni harbors. Matters were made worse as relations disintegrated with the Arabian Empire, who sponsored the radical Sons of Arabia in acts against Yemen's government. After several years of turmoil, Yemen stabilized and in its alliance with Oman, has done a considerable job of building up its military strength, especially at sea. This strength has at last been put to the test as an Arabian attack upon both Oman and Yemen in 1919 has resulted in the outbreak of a major war which could end with the destruction of Yemen itself.

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Far East

China: The Ascendant's Kingdom of Holy China fought hard against European invasion, but by 1854, it was clear that their strength was spent. Only limited raiding would continue over the course of the year, and the Europeans felt secure enough to partition China, leading to the creation of several European zones of influence, and the loss of Chinese control over the coast. The self proclaimed holy leader and monarch, King Kong, would die in 1857, and the Ascendants would nearly collapsed in upon themselves. If not for other conflicts, the Europeans likely would have taken all of China in their greed, but logistics and other wars, as well as territorial disputes would prevent such a move by any one power. The result was a brutal civil war among various warlords until one Liu Wen would emerge victorious in 1861. Liu Wen centralized authority in Lanzhou, while continuing limited and small-scale raids against the European powers in order to claim that he still possessed the right to call himself Holy King of China as the successor to Kong. The outbreak of war between Poland and its neighbors in China in 1870 seemed to offer the opportunity for the reclamation of the Chinese coast. Unfortunately, the Chinese armies were valiant but not prepared for the sheer slaughter of French machine guns. The Chinese quickly retreated back west, and the further dissemination of machine guns among the European colonial powers would limit the success of any other raids. The death of Liu Wen in 1889 initiated yet another war of succession, further devastating the Chinese interior until the conflict ended in 1892. The new Ascendant King, Sun Xiang was toppled by the military in 1901, and the kingdom was brought to an end. The new military government has openly ended the old policies of isolationism, and the general and his successor, Wei Jiang, have centralized the government and been working to modernize the military. This has been accomplished with strong ties with the United Russian Empire, and efforts have begun to develop the armed forces, as many are predicting a confrontation between the Japanese and British, which can only end with the Chinese as the victors.

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Guangxi: A young state, just a decade old and still lacking full sovereignty, the Dominion of Guangxi is the heir to millennia of Chinese history. Created in 1910 from the colony of British China, Guangxi is nominally ruled by the Qing dynasty, with Henry, whose Chinese name is Pǔyí (溥儀), as the current King of Guangxi. Though much diminished from their previously held position, the Qing dynasty still possesses arguably the richest and most developed portion of China, though this might not be saying much considering the condition of the other two-thirds of the country. British rule has brought prosperity to the upper classes of Guangxi, among whom it has become fashionable to converse almost solely in English. However, many have become resentful of the continued dominance of the British in the bureaucracy and the preponderance of British-run businesses, feeling that Guangxi, despite its nominal independence, remains no more than a colony of the United Kingdom. The government however is determined to move onwards through any means necessary, even if that means enlisting British aid. The impending completion of Xinjing, the new, modern capital of the Dominion, and the improvement and industrialization occurring in other cities represents to the upper classes the transition of Guangxi from a backwards country to a modern state, the pride of all China. One of the main crises, and opportunities, that Guangxi may face in the near future is the rise of Chinese nationalism. The Qing must balance the risks and benefits of seizing the mantle of Chinese nationalism with those of retaining British aid in modernization and foreign and military affairs. If they can strike the right balance, the Qing might yet restore the glory of their ancestors...and surpass it.

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Hawaii: The collapse of the United States in 1912 led to a rapid dispute over its holdings throughout the eastern Pacific Ocean. Though most of these were rapidly gobbled up by Japan and the Netherlands, Hawaii was unique in that it declared its own independence. Led by local leaders and the native population, as well as supported by various local American business interests, the new Republic of Hawaii was declared. The new republic immediately resisted an attempt by Jacksonia to lay claim to the islands, and aware of its vulnerability, looked for a way to secure its independence. The result was the formation of a Japanese protectorate over the islands, allowing them to practice their way of life in peace. The new republic has so far remained highly prosperous, as a key stopping point for over seventy percent of Japanese trade bound for the New World.

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India: India has long been a land under foreign dominance, with the end of the Maratha Confederacy in 1847. Much of the lands of modern India were completely annexed by the Holy Spanish Empire. However, nationalism remained, and several Indians hoped for an independent Indian nation. The United Principalities of India achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1916, due to the direct actions of Emperor Philip X signing the Bombay Accords. Prince Khushwant Diwan of Maharashtra was appointed the High Prince of All India, which was not much more than a ceremonial title. Since then, India has remained a large, but weak state, relying on Spain for both military and economic support. However, with the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War resulted in a minor period of complete isolation of India from Spain, leading India to seek economic deals elsewhere. However, with the end of the Civil War, India slowly began to rejoin the Spanish fold, yet still seeking just a bit more independence.

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Japan: Japan was the only Asian power to truly adapt to the growing age of Europeans in the Far East. Starting in the late 1830s and early 1840s, thanks to Spanish aid, the Japanese began a process of westernization and industrialization. This process would be truly complete in the mid-1850s, and Japan was clearly at least militarily on par with the best of European nations. The absolute rule of the shogun would end in 1853, and Emperor Komei would be established as the true emperor of an imperial Japan. The annexation of much of Manchuria and Korea in 1855 was the icing on the cake, which fueled the further development of Japanese industry. During the next thirty years, the Japanese economy soared almost out of control as traditional Japanese life merged with European technology. The Japanese would cement their position as a modern power when a naval show of force allowed Japan to seize the Korean possessions of Paris-Burgundy, the Netherlands, and Poland. Other islands would be conquered and settlement began of eastern Siberia. The settlement of Siberia would come to an end after a series of skirmishes with the Russian Empire in the late 1880s, securing Japan's sphere of influence on mainland Asia. In 1888, the Partition of Alaska would grant rights for Japanese settlement in North America, but some were concerned at the failure to secure the whole region and the Aleutian Islands. Japanese strength only grew further as they entered the twentieth century. The Great War allowed for the annexation of much of European China and Pacific, excepting the territories that went to Japan's ally of Britain. The American Crisis in 1912 allowed for further gains throughout the Pacific including control of much of the former American colony of Scottson, which was divided with Vinland. The rest of the past ten years have featured increased tensions between Japan and Britain and Brazil as the new Pacific Concord positions Japan in a spot of great strength and power, looking to expand into the riches of the rest of the Pacific Rim.

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Kalinga: The Kingdom of Kalinga was established in 1911 with the support of their former overlord, the emperor of Scandinavia. The new Indian kingdom was the first free Indian state to be established and has developed its own local dialect and resisted any attempts towards integration with the formerly Spanish land. The language developed by the Spanish has been thoroughly rejected and local dialects continue to reign supreme in Kalinga, and the new "Hindi" language is even popularly resisted for a variety of reasons. The new kingdom has so far remained distant from other nations, and for that it has remained poor, having only real economic ties with Kongo and its allies. It has begun to enjoy limited new trading and commerce with the Russians among others, and it seems that perhaps with the dawn of a new decade, the time of stagnation will soon be at an end.

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New Zealand: The islands of New Zealand were ceded from British control in the middle of the nineteenth century to Portugal in an unusual series of backroom deals for support. The Portuguese control of these islands continued until the end of the Great War when foreign pressure forced Portugal to give up the whole of its empire, including New Zealand. The islands have gained their independence, and established an identity separate of the old world. Despite their great distance from any powers of significance, or perhaps because of it, New Zealand has recently begun having troubles internally. In 1917, a military coup overthrew the liberal government, seeking to expand the territory of the white population at the expense of the native Maoris. The Maoris were expelled from the north island in 1918, many going to live in slums in British Australia. With the relatively low population of New Zealand, the Maoris on the southern island have been mostly left in peace, but continue to struggle to regain the political rights they possessed when the nation held its first elections in 1908.

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Tibet: Tibet's independence from China was hard fought during the massive conflicts that contained the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the rise of European imperialism. British support would secure Tibet's immunity from initial attacks, and skill in battle would ultimately keep the threat of Ascendant invasion at bay. The Ascendants would make several attempts to invade Tibet throughout the latter half of the 1800s, but all would meet with failure as the determination and fortifications of the Tibetans proved too stalwart to overcome. Tibet has remained isolated and neutral from most affairs of Asia, but has opened economic doors to Britain over the years, and conducts a lucrative but limited trade with both India and China, serving as a intermediary between the modern world and the Chinese. This position has secured them against future Chinese invasion, acting as a neutral power to help keep China supplied with the goods it needs to survive.

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This is a new reserve post, as we'll need it in 20 turns.
 
This is a second new reserve post. I'm not crazy.
 
Why did Tycho name the Portuguese dynasty Fernandes? It was Braganza during the Great War, when Joao II threw the name off of the Brazilian dynasty.
 
I don't recall seeing that in any official update or statement made by me.
 
No worries, an easy enough change to make.
 
@EQ: Would it be possible for you or someone to come up with a timeline for technological development?
 
I was looking for something like first tanks, first monoplane, first carrier, stuff like that. Something that could theoretically be updated as the NES goes on. Just as a guide for new people and to show how technology progresses differently from OTL
 
First Monoplane: Brazil, 1916
First Carrier: Brazil, 1917
First Carrier Dedicated Fighter: Brazil, 1921
 
First GIGANTIC EFF-OFF CANNON SO POWERFUL IT MUST BE MOUNTED ON RAILROAD TRACKS: Denmark, 1926.

First tank was the Washington M1 Barrel, 1906 (?), United States of America

First airplane built was in the United Kingdom by the Churchill Brothers in 1900.

First military aircraft was the Cannock, 1910 (?), built in the United Kingdom.

I believe Britain also developed the first battlecruiser (1905, perhaps?).
 
Couple other scientific oddities:

Clarke Scale: Richter Scale
Flemish Standard Gauge - Standard European railroad design
 
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