So you want a historical important engine for high speed and you picked an image of an engine, which is more bling than performance....
A high speed engine would be a steam turbine or a jet engine.
Fun fact: once Chile replaced steam locomotives with diesel. They had 1300 hp steam, meaning they ordered 1300 hp diesel. They didn't make it up the mountain. It turned out that dropping air pressure drops the power output. In order to have 1300 hp at the summit, the diesels needed to have 3000 hp at sea level. In order for steam to have 1300 hp at the summit, they needed to have 1300 hp at sea level.
It turns out that you can't just replace one engine with another and assume they will perform the same if they have the same power output. In fact you can't replace diesel with gasoline and assume the vehicle to perform the same because gasoline engines are more agile and can change engine rpm much faster while diesel have way more torque at low rpm (well in general, but particularly at low rpm). Internal combustion engines are also really complex, have many moving parts and gasoline are really sensitive to air/fuel mixture. In fact pre-jet planes had an engineer, who was sitting and monitoring the engines in real time to adjust the mixture to compensate for the changing air pressure outside. On a normal flight that's what he did and he wasn't bored due to no work.
Internal combustion is a horrible design when it comes to air pollution. The fuel has a certain time to ignite and completely burn out. Anything, which doesn't burn comes out as particle pollution and can cause lung cancer and stuff like that. A steam engine burning the same fuel can have a continuous flame, which doesn't have to complete within a certain time, meaning it can be made to burn more completely.
If the internal combustion engine is that bad, then why do we use it? Simple: size. It's so compact and you can turn it on and off at will. It's not like steam where you need to boil water before starting (which could take anything from 20 minutes to 3 days depending on size of the boiler). While they are really complex machines, we have a simple "user interface". Fuel is very easy to handle and store.
I'm most likely overthinking that picture