China Keeps Reaching for the Stars
Second Manned Flight Keeps Country in Elite Group of Space-Faring Nations
By Guy Gugliotta
Washington Post Staff Writer
Saturday, October 15, 2005; Page A12
With Wednesday's launch of Shenzhou 6, China's Communist leadership has won new prestige for its homegrown space program, putting its second crewed spacecraft into Earth orbit and doing it two years after the first one -- a bit more quickly than the U.S. space shuttle has managed recently.
Shenzhou 6 and its two astronauts could land as early as today or as late as next Tuesday, according to reports from government news outlets. But regardless of duration, the flight marks a major milestone for a program that has survived the Cultural Revolution and U.S. trade sanctions to make China only the third nation on Earth to develop the full range of skills needed to put humans in space.
"China, once again, has demonstrated that it is among the elite number of countries capable of human space flight," NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin said in a statement. "We wish them well on their mission, and we look forward to the safe return of their astronauts."
Several experts agree that China has little chance of matching the United States in space anytime soon, but Shenzhou 6 is about aspirations as much as attainments. Whether China will ultimately become a U.S. competitor in space, a collaborator or both remains an open question.
"China in space represents a different situation from any other country, because it has its own space capabilities," said senior analyst Dean Cheng of the Alexandria-based research organization CNA Corp. "China has ensured that it will not be driven from space. Whether we want to compete with them is in our court."
The United States has had an arm's-length relationship with the Chinese space program for the past five years after imposing restrictions on exports of technology that could be construed as "dual-use": capable also of aiding China's ballistic missile program. As a result, China recently has relied on itself or on other countries for the space know-how and hardware it needs.
"You can't start talking about space until you set an overall policy," said John Logsdon, director of George Washington University's Space Policy Institute. "Our space relationship gets to a basic question of whether the United States tries to contain an emerging China or engage it."
Shenzhou 6, riding atop a Long March 2F rocket, lifted off from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in Inner Mongolia on Wednesday morning, carrying Fei Junlong, 40, and Nie Haisheng, 41, both colonels in the People's Liberation Army. The mission, capable of staying up for a week, is expected to end with the descent module parachuting into the Gobi Desert.
The mission follows by almost exactly two years the Shenzhou 5 flight that took China's first astronaut, PLA Lt. Col. Yang Liwei, into space for 14 orbits lasting 21 1/2 hours on Oct. 15-16, 2003. Yang, now a national hero, was promoted to colonel after the flight.
The Shenzhou spacecraft -- Shenzhou means "Magic Vessel" -- is patterned after Russia's workhorse Soyuz, currently used to ferry astronauts and supplies to and from the international space station while the U.S. space shuttles are grounded.
But "it's not simply a copy," Cheng said. At 15,000 to 20,000 pounds, Shenzhou is as much as 10 percent heavier than Soyuz and, besides the descent capsule, has an "orbiting module" that will stay in space several months after the crew has landed. Yang spent all of his short flight in the descent capsule, but the current crew has moved back and forth to the orbit module to conduct experiments.
Shenzhou 6 will probably round out the first part of what the U.S. Naval War College's Joan Johnson-Freese describes as a "three-phase" human spaceflight program: "First, demonstrate manned spaceflight; second, do more sophisticated maneuvers, including [spacewalks] and docking; and third, put together a small space station."
Completing the program will probably take several years, said Johnson-Freese, chairman of the War College's National Security Decisionmaking Department, and the station probably will be built from linked orbiting modules. The Long March rockets, with only about one-sixth the lift capacity of the space shuttle, cannot hoist large components into space.
Shenzhou 6 marks the latest achievement in a deliberate program that launched its first satellite in 1970 but then languished for years during the chaos of the Cultural Revolution and the power struggles of the Gang of Four.
During this period, and even before then, China learned to fend for itself in space. "Part of it was that they had no choice," Cheng said, as China was estranged from both the United States and the Soviet Union, the world's other space-faring nations.
But another part was the Communist Party leadership's wish to showcase Chinese self-reliance in a high-profile scientific and technological endeavor.
In the beginning, China regarded space as a tool for economic development. "They were interested in Earth-resource satellites -- finding fertile land, rainfall, figuring out to build railroads," Cheng said. "Then over time they branched out in communications and began looking at navigation."
Also, added Johnson-Freese, space "is something that the party has done for China to create jobs in a high-tech industry, to show 'We don't just make cheap clothes.' And finally there is all this dual-use technology with civil and military applications."
But it was not until the 1991 Persian Gulf War that China began to appreciate the military potential of space. The Gulf War allies' use of satellite surveillance and smart bombs "was an enormous wake-up call," Cheng said. "There were communications and sensors. The idea that space-based systems were part of weapons guidance came as something of a shock."
Since then, Cheng added, there has been "a tension between guns and butter" in China's space policy, with military advocates trying to carve out more influence despite the continued commitment to economic development.
Space's military potential is what drives the United States' wariness in dealing with China, but Johnson-Freese said dual use is endemic to any space program as long as rockets can launch both weather satellites and nuclear weapons, and satellite-mounted cameras can image both stars and targets.
But China's human spaceflight program is about more than military applications, Johnson-Freese added: "They read the Apollo playbook. They get a lot of prestige from this, and you don't hold parades for robots."
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