Civ 5 SDk will not be released anytime soon.
http://apolyton.net/content.php/30-Jon-Shafer-Interview-preview-Modding-in-Civilization-5
As you can read."there are plans down the road"
"intention only"
bottom line, if the SDK is not released, you can forget major modding, as changing too much in lua will slow down just like any interpreter. If you want good modding, c++ is the way to go. Anything else will be 'cool' and 'great' but definitely NOT the best solution
you use lua only for graphic mods. As civ programmers themselves use lua/python as well ONLY and SOLELY for graphics. If you want to do more, and do it right, c++ or c# or any other decent language is the way to go.
So, now you know what you should learn to mod quality, and not quantity..
c++ or c# or javascript or any other language uses different syntax and there are differences behind the curtain, but the logic is the same. And it is this logical thinking you have to familiarize yourself with first! How to use arrays, when do I use them, when do I use a pointer, when do I use an integer instead of pointer, classes, public private, when where.. etc etc...
to learn that, you don't even need civ 4. You can start with ANY coding tutorial. But since civ uses c++, i'd recommend starting c++ tutorials right away. Look for special tutorials on arrays, pointers, classes, etc.. train your skills on them before starting civ5 modding. a good way to learn is and has always been, to look what others did before you. So look at the civ4 code is definitely helpful! Always!
But, apart from that. Jon Shafer is very clear about the SDK. It won't be released any time soon. I can guess, they will release it first with an expansion pack of 50EUR.
So you gotta buy the game first 50 eur, then wait at least 6months for the first expansion pack another 50eur...
I was planning major modding for civ5, but now I know firaxis won't support modding anymore, and just release some cheap
toolkit in the form of lua, to slow down the game like crazy.. ehm, and on top of that the STEAM obligatory registration. I might even stop completely on civ, find a group of people who are into realistic gameplay, and write our own game from scratch.