Solzhenitsyn
Warlord
Going through the civopedia, I've compiled a list of all things that need an entry, or have an obsolete or completely wrong one
. I'll be working on doing most of them myself, but it'll probably take enough time that someone can help me out with filling some of them out. So if you want to help add one or edit one, just post a reply and I'll put it in this main post!
As a good rule of thumb, make the entry helpful in players deciding the history, real life morality, and comparative strengths between similar things. If it is borrowed from wikipedia (which I admit, I will do), then try to paraphrase it in useful words.
NOTE: Since I'm borrowing from RFCE and such, I'm just copying and pasting the XML. The TEXT_PEDIA sources will be wrong, since a lot of them are not the same but close enough (such as Agrarianism, where I used RFCE's Peasantry pedia)
Projects (Completed!)
Persecution (Completed!) - Solzhenitsyn
Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals as a response to their religious beliefs or affiliations or lack thereof.
The tendency of societies or groups within society to alienate or repress different subcultures is a recurrent theme in human history. Moreover, because a person's religion often determines to a significant extent his or her morality and personal identity, religious differences can be significant cultural factors.
Religious persecution may be triggered by religious bigotry (i.e. the denigration of practitioners' religions other than those of the oppressors) or by the State when it views a particular religious group as a threat to its interests or security. At a societal level, this dehumanization of a particular religious group may readily turn into violence or other forms of persecution. Indeed, in many countries, religious persecution has resulted in so much violence that it is considered a human rights problem.
In Game: Persecution can help give a common unity between people. Although it causes brief instability and unhappiness, in the long run you can mold a type of society to your liking. You can help rid of a religion of your enemies, or help isolate the religion of your allies.
History: Counter Reformation -- More than 300 Roman Catholics were put to death by English governments between 1535 and 1681 for treason, thus for secular than religious offenses. In 1570, Pope Pius V had issued the bull Regnans in Excelsis, which absolved Catholics from their obligations to the government. This dramatically worsened the situation of the Catholics in England. English governments continued to fear Popish Plot. An English act of government from the year 1585 declared that the purpose of Jesuit missionaries who had come to Britain was "to stir up and move sedition, rebellion and open hostility". Consequently Jesuit priests like Saint John Ogilvie were hanged. This somehow contrasts with the image of the Elizabethan era as the time of William Shakespeare, but compared to the antecedent Marian Persecutions there is an important difference to consider. Mary I had been motivated by a religious zeal to purge heresy from her land, and during her short reign from 1553 to 1558 about 290 Protestants had been burned at the stake for heresy, whereas Elizabeth I of England "acted out of fear for the security of her realm."
Modern Persecution: Although his book was written before the September 11 attacks, John Coffey explicitly compares the English fear of a Popish Plot with the contemporary Islamophobia in the Western world. Among the Muslims imprisoned in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp there also were Mehdi Ghezali and Murat Kurnaz who could not have been found to have any connections with terrorism, but had traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan because of their religious interests.
State Atheism: State atheism has been defined by David Kowalewski as the official "promotion of atheism" by a government, typically by active suppression of religious freedom and practice. It is a misnomer referring to a government's anti-clericalism, which opposes religious institutional power and influence, real or alleged, in all aspects of public and political life, including the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen.
State atheism was first practised during a brief period in Revolutionary France and repeated only in Revolutionary Mexico and some communist states. The Soviet Union had a long history of state atheism, in which social success largely required individuals to profess atheism, stay away from churches and even vandalize them; this attitude was especially militant during the middle Stalinist era from 1929-1939. The Soviet Union attempted to suppress religion over wide areas of its influence, including places like central Asia, and the Socialist People's Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha went so far as to officially ban all religious practices
Buildings (10 needing descriptions. 4 done)
http://forums.civfanatics.com/showpost.php?p=11680347&postcount=17
Units (11 needing descriptions. 1 needing approval)
Bombard
Bireme (Phoenician)
Bersegliere (Italian)
Camel Gunner (Moors)
Chang Suek
Dharani
Khampa
Levy
Pombos
Qizilbash
Siege Elephant
Winged Hussar (Polish) (Completed!) - Solzhenitsyn
The Polish Hussars, or Towarzysz husarski, were the main type of cavalry of the first Polish Army, later also introduced into the Army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, between the 16th and 18th centuries. When this cavalry type was first introduced by the Serbian mercenary horsemen around the year 1500, they served as light cavalry banners; by the second half of the 16th century hussars had been transformed into heavy cavalry. Until the reforms of 1770s the husaria banners or companies were considered the elite of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth cavalry. They were widely regarded as the most powerful cavalry formation in the world. Polish Hussars were undefeated in battle for over 100 years.
In game: You will find the Hussar fight better than their counterparts as they rip through gunpowder units! However, they can still be brought down with pikemen or higher technological units.
History: The word hussar derives from the Serbian Gusar and later Hungarian Husar. Exiled Serbian warriors introduced hussar horsemen – light cavalry armed with hollowed lance, Balkan-type shield, and saber – in Hungary following the Ottoman conquest of Serbia in the late 15th century. The Hussars of Poland originated in the late 15th century of Serbian warriors that had left Ottoman Serbia, beginning in the 14th century.
In Poland -- While light hussars of the XV century were adopted by some European armies after King Mathias Corvinus hussars, to provide them with light and expendable cavalry units, the most spectacular were the heavy hussars that developed first in the Kingdom of Hungary and later in the Kingdom of Poland and later, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1569 after the Union of Lublin.
In 1500, the Polish Treasury books make their first references to hussars, still light cavalry, largely foreign mercenaries, from the Serbian state of Raška (Рашка
and were called Racowie ('of Serbia'). "They came from the Serbian state of Ras."[4][5] Initially the first hussar units in the Kingdom of Poland were formed by the Sejm (Polish parliament) in 1503, which hired three banners of Hungarian mercenaries. Quickly recruitment also began among Polish citizens. Being far more expendable than the heavily armoured lancers of the Renaissance, the Polish-Serbian-Hungarian hussars played a fairly minor role in the Polish Crown victories during the early 16th century, exemplified by the victories at Orsza (1514) and Obertyn (1531). During the so called 'transition period' of the mid-1500s heavier armed hussars largely replaced typical 16th century armored lancers riding armored horses, in the Polish 'Obrona Potoczna' cavalry forces serving on the southern frontier.
In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: The true winged Polish-Lithuanian type hussar came with the reforms of the king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania Stephen Bathory in the 1570s. The hussars were the leading or even elite branch of cavalry in the Polish-Lithuanian army from the 1570s until 1776, when their duties and traditions were passed on to the Uhlans by a parliamentary decree. Most hussars were recruited from the wealthier Polish and Lithuanian nobility (szlachta). Each 'towarzysz' (Polish for 'comrade') of hussars raised his own poczet or lance/retinue. Several retinues were combined to form a hussar banner or company (Chorągiew husarska).
Over the course of the 16th century, hussars in Hungary had become heavier in character: they had abandoned wooden shields and adopted plate metal body armour. When Stefan Batory, a Transylvanian-Hungarian prince, was elected king of Poland and later was accepted as a Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1576 he reorganized the hussars of his Royal Guard along Hungarian lines, making them a heavy formation, equipped with a long lance as their main weapon. By the reign of Batory (1576–1586) the hussars had replaced medieval-style lancers in the Polish Crown and Grand Duchy of Lithuania armies, and they now formed the bulk of the Polish and Lithuanian cavalry. By the 1590s most Polish-Lithuanian hussar units had been reformed along the same 'heavy' Hungarian model. These 'heavy' Commonwealth hussars were known in Poland as husaria.
Winged Hussar: The hussars were famous for their huge 'wings', a wooden frame carrying usually eagle, but sometimes ostrich, swan or goose feathers. The symbolism is connected with the Serbian origin. In the 16th century characteristic painted wings or winged claws began to appear on cavalry shields. Wings were originally attached to the saddle and later to the back. In 1645, Col. Szczodrowski was said to have used ostrich wings.
Many theories were made from historians for the purpose of the wings, but none have ever really been authenticated.
The most common is that they wore the wings because they made a loud, clattering noise which made it seem like the cavalry was much larger than in reality. Others possibilities included that the wings were made to defend the backs of the men against swords and lassos, or that they were worn to make their own horses deaf to the wooden noise makers used by the Ottoman and the Crimean Tatars.
Religions (Complete, but needs review)
Civilizations (7 needing descriptions. 1 needing approval)
Kongolese
Indonesian (Needs to be rewritten)
Moors
Phoenicians (Separate from Carthiginians)
Polish
The establishment of a Polish state is often identified with the adoption of Christianity by its ruler Mieszko I in 966, over the territory similar to that of present-day Poland. The Kingdom of Poland was formed in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a long association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin, forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth ceased to exist in 1795 as the Polish lands were partitioned among the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire, and Austria. Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic in 1918. Two decades later, in September 1939, World War II started with the Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union invasion of Poland (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact). Over six million Polish citizens died in the war. Poland reemerged several years later within the Soviet sphere of influence as the People's Republic in existence until 1989. During the Revolutions of 1989, 45-year long communist rule was overthrown and the democratic rule was re-established. That gave foundations to modern Poland, constitutionally known as the "Third Polish Republic".
In Game: Strategy -- Needs to be written
Role -- Needs to be written
History: Religion -- Until World War II, Poland was a religiously diverse society, in which substantial Jewish, Protestant and Christian Orthodox minorities coexisted with a Roman Catholic majority. As a result of the Holocaust and the post–World War II flight and expulsion of German and Ukrainian populations, Poland has become overwhelmingly Roman Catholic. In 2007, 88.4% of the population belonged to the Catholic Church. Though rates of religious observance are lower, at 52% to 60%, Poland remains one of the most devoutly religious countries in Europe!
Prussians (Separate from Germans)
Tamils
Tibetans
Thais
Corporations (7 needing descriptions (all of them))
Silk Route
Textile Industry
Trading Company
Luxury Industry (Corporation 8)
Fishing Industry
Computer Industry (Corporation 9)
Cereal Industry
Civics (13 completed. 9 still need to be done.)
Resources (Completed!)
Tobacco (Complete!) - Solzhenitsyn
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicotine tartrate, used in some medicines. It is most commonly used as a drug, and is a valuable cash crop for countries such as Cuba, India, China, and the United States. It is manufactured from the leaf and used in cigars and cigarettes, snuff, and pipe and chewing tobacco. Tobacco plants are also used in plant bioengineering, and some of the 60 species are grown as ornamentals. The chief commercial species, N. tabacum, is believed native to tropical America, like most nicotiana plants, but has been so long cultivated that it is no longer known in the wild. N. rustica, a mild-flavored, fast-burning species, was the tobacco originally raised in Virginia, but it is now grown chiefly in Turkey, India, and Russia. The alkaloid nicotine is the most characteristic constituent of tobacco and is responsible for its addictive nature. The harmful effects of tobacco derive from the thousands of different compounds generated in the smoke, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzpyrene), formaldehyde, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, radioactive polonium-210, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), phenols, and many others.
History: Tobacco had already long been used in the Americas when European settlers arrived and introduced the practice to Europe, where it became popular. Many Native American tribes traditionally used tobacco. Following the arrival of the Europeans, tobacco became increasingly popular as a trade item. It fostered the economy for the southern United States until it was replaced by cotton. Following the American civil war, a change in demand and a change in labor force allowed inventor James Bonsack to create a machine that automated cigarette production.
This increase in production allowed tremendous growth in the tobacco industry until the scientific revelations of the mid-20th century.
Following the scientific revelations of the mid-20th century, tobacco became condemned as a health hazard, and eventually became encompassed as a cause for cancer, as well as other respiratory and circulatory diseases. In the United States, this led to the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), which settled the lawsuit in exchange for a combination of yearly payments to the states and voluntary restrictions on advertising and marketing of tobacco products.
In the 1970s, Brown & Williamson cross-bred a strain of tobacco to produce Y1. This strain of tobacco contained an unusually high amount of nicotine, nearly doubling its content from 3.2-3.5% to 6.5%. In the 1990s, this prompted the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to use this strain as evidence that tobacco companies were intentionally manipulating the nicotine content of cigarettes.
In 2003, in response to growth of tobacco use in developing countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) successfully rallied 168 countries to sign the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The Convention is designed to push for effective legislation and its enforcement in all countries to reduce the harmful effects of tobacco. This led to the development of tobacco cessation products.
Tea (Complete!) - Caesar Augustus
Tea is a pleasant, healthful beverage produced from the leaves of the tea tree (Camillia sinensis). It is usually made by boiling tea leaves in water, though it can also be made more slowly by steeping in cold water. Often flavorings such as milk, cream, honey, sugar, herbs, or spices are added, either directly to the tea leaves before preparing the beverage or afterward. Tea is popular worldwide, being the second most commonly drunk beverage in the world, after water, with production centered in China and India.
The tea tree, native to the borderlands of China, India, and Burma, has been cultivated in China since at least 1000 BC. Tea became one of the most important commodities in China, and tea bricks, produced by compressing and drying the leaves, were of high enough value to be used in the place of currency. By 1000 AD, tea drinking had become an integral part of Japanese, Korean, Persian, and Arabian culture as well.
Introduced to Europe from the Portuguese port of Macao, tea gained prominence slowly, becoming a fad drink in France and Russia before more permanently establishing itself as the national drink of Great Britain. In the 1800's, China's monopoly on the beverage was broken when wild tea trees were discovered within British India. Within a few decades, tea production and consumption had expanded worldwide, with significant industries as far afield as Iran, Kenya, and Argentina.
Coffee (Complete!) - Caesar Augustus
Coffee is a dark, richly bitter beverage brewed from the seeds of one of the many species of the Coffea genus. After harvesting, the seeds must be roasted before the beverage can be brewed. The relatively large amount of caffeine in the beans give the resulting beverage an energizing effect. The large number of cultivated species and immense variety of roasting and brewing techniques lead to great variety in taste among different coffees.
Though wild Coffea plants grow throughout southern and eastern Africa as well as tropical Asia, the most commercially important types, and those first cultivated, are native to northern Ethiopia. While there are legends of earlier use, the first reliably recorded cultivation and consumption of coffee as a beverage was recorded in 15-th century Yemen. The new crop was immensely popular almost immediately, spreading through the Muslim world within a century.
Though coffee had become an important commodity, the plant itself was a closely guarded secret until several unroasted seeds were smuggled into India in 1670. From this springboard, Dutch traders introduced the plant to Indonesia and Sri Lanka, while the French began cultivation in Martinique which eventually spread through South and Central America. To this day, coffee is a cash crop of choice throughout the tropical and sub-tropical world.
Leaders (Most of them still need to be listed)
Chandragupta
Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 - 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is regarded the founder of the Republic of Turkey.
Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence.
Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, westernized and secular nation-state. Among these reforms is a completely new writing system for the Turkish language based on the Latin alphabet, as a solution to the literacy problem in Turkey. "Atatürk" is a unique surname bestowed to him in this new system, meaning "Father of Turks". The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is commemorated by many memorials throughout Turkey. At the exact time of his death, on every 10 November, at 09:05 am, most vehicles and people in the country's streets pause for one minute in remembrance.
Meiji
Emperor Meiji the Great (1852 – 1912) was the emperor of Japan from 1867 until his death. He presided over a time of rapid change in Japan, as the nation rose from a feudal shogunate to become a great power of the modern world.
Meiji’s accession to the throne coincided with the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration to the emperor of supreme executive authority in the country. Unlike his father Kōmei, he supported the growing popular consensus on the need for modernization of Japan along Western lines that had developed as a result of the country’s resumption of contact with other nations after a 250-year period of cultural and economic isolation.
As emperor he formally ordered the abolition of the feudal land system (1871), the creation of a new school system (1872), adoption of the cabinet system of government (1885), promulgation of the Meiji Constitution (1889), and opening of the Diet (1890). He played active roles in the prosecution of the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05). In 1910 he issued an edict proclaiming the annexation of Korea to Japan.
Meiji himself epitomized the superimposition of Western ideas and innovations onto a base of Japanese culture; he wore Western clothes and ate Western-style food but also managed to compose 100,000 poems in the traditional Japanese style during his lifetime.
Technologies
Still needs listing
Also! Please post if I miss one, or one is added from a recent update on the version.
Special thanks to:
Sid Meier and Firaxis
Rhye
Leoreth
Daffy
iOnlySignIn
Caesar Augustus
BenZL43
. I'll be working on doing most of them myself, but it'll probably take enough time that someone can help me out with filling some of them out. So if you want to help add one or edit one, just post a reply and I'll put it in this main post! As a good rule of thumb, make the entry helpful in players deciding the history, real life morality, and comparative strengths between similar things. If it is borrowed from wikipedia (which I admit, I will do), then try to paraphrase it in useful words.NOTE: Since I'm borrowing from RFCE and such, I'm just copying and pasting the XML. The TEXT_PEDIA sources will be wrong, since a lot of them are not the same but close enough (such as Agrarianism, where I used RFCE's Peasantry pedia)
Projects (Completed!)
Spoiler :
Persecution (Completed!) - Solzhenitsyn
Spoiler :
Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals as a response to their religious beliefs or affiliations or lack thereof.
The tendency of societies or groups within society to alienate or repress different subcultures is a recurrent theme in human history. Moreover, because a person's religion often determines to a significant extent his or her morality and personal identity, religious differences can be significant cultural factors.
Religious persecution may be triggered by religious bigotry (i.e. the denigration of practitioners' religions other than those of the oppressors) or by the State when it views a particular religious group as a threat to its interests or security. At a societal level, this dehumanization of a particular religious group may readily turn into violence or other forms of persecution. Indeed, in many countries, religious persecution has resulted in so much violence that it is considered a human rights problem.
In Game: Persecution can help give a common unity between people. Although it causes brief instability and unhappiness, in the long run you can mold a type of society to your liking. You can help rid of a religion of your enemies, or help isolate the religion of your allies.
History: Counter Reformation -- More than 300 Roman Catholics were put to death by English governments between 1535 and 1681 for treason, thus for secular than religious offenses. In 1570, Pope Pius V had issued the bull Regnans in Excelsis, which absolved Catholics from their obligations to the government. This dramatically worsened the situation of the Catholics in England. English governments continued to fear Popish Plot. An English act of government from the year 1585 declared that the purpose of Jesuit missionaries who had come to Britain was "to stir up and move sedition, rebellion and open hostility". Consequently Jesuit priests like Saint John Ogilvie were hanged. This somehow contrasts with the image of the Elizabethan era as the time of William Shakespeare, but compared to the antecedent Marian Persecutions there is an important difference to consider. Mary I had been motivated by a religious zeal to purge heresy from her land, and during her short reign from 1553 to 1558 about 290 Protestants had been burned at the stake for heresy, whereas Elizabeth I of England "acted out of fear for the security of her realm."
Modern Persecution: Although his book was written before the September 11 attacks, John Coffey explicitly compares the English fear of a Popish Plot with the contemporary Islamophobia in the Western world. Among the Muslims imprisoned in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp there also were Mehdi Ghezali and Murat Kurnaz who could not have been found to have any connections with terrorism, but had traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan because of their religious interests.
State Atheism: State atheism has been defined by David Kowalewski as the official "promotion of atheism" by a government, typically by active suppression of religious freedom and practice. It is a misnomer referring to a government's anti-clericalism, which opposes religious institutional power and influence, real or alleged, in all aspects of public and political life, including the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen.
State atheism was first practised during a brief period in Revolutionary France and repeated only in Revolutionary Mexico and some communist states. The Soviet Union had a long history of state atheism, in which social success largely required individuals to profess atheism, stay away from churches and even vandalize them; this attitude was especially militant during the middle Stalinist era from 1929-1939. The Soviet Union attempted to suppress religion over wide areas of its influence, including places like central Asia, and the Socialist People's Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha went so far as to officially ban all religious practices
Buildings (10 needing descriptions. 4 done)
Spoiler :
http://forums.civfanatics.com/showpost.php?p=11680347&postcount=17
Units (11 needing descriptions. 1 needing approval)
Spoiler :
Bombard
Bireme (Phoenician)
Bersegliere (Italian)
Camel Gunner (Moors)
Chang Suek
Dharani
Khampa
Levy
Pombos
Qizilbash
Siege Elephant
Winged Hussar (Polish) (Completed!) - Solzhenitsyn
Spoiler :
The Polish Hussars, or Towarzysz husarski, were the main type of cavalry of the first Polish Army, later also introduced into the Army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, between the 16th and 18th centuries. When this cavalry type was first introduced by the Serbian mercenary horsemen around the year 1500, they served as light cavalry banners; by the second half of the 16th century hussars had been transformed into heavy cavalry. Until the reforms of 1770s the husaria banners or companies were considered the elite of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth cavalry. They were widely regarded as the most powerful cavalry formation in the world. Polish Hussars were undefeated in battle for over 100 years.
In game: You will find the Hussar fight better than their counterparts as they rip through gunpowder units! However, they can still be brought down with pikemen or higher technological units.
History: The word hussar derives from the Serbian Gusar and later Hungarian Husar. Exiled Serbian warriors introduced hussar horsemen – light cavalry armed with hollowed lance, Balkan-type shield, and saber – in Hungary following the Ottoman conquest of Serbia in the late 15th century. The Hussars of Poland originated in the late 15th century of Serbian warriors that had left Ottoman Serbia, beginning in the 14th century.
In Poland -- While light hussars of the XV century were adopted by some European armies after King Mathias Corvinus hussars, to provide them with light and expendable cavalry units, the most spectacular were the heavy hussars that developed first in the Kingdom of Hungary and later in the Kingdom of Poland and later, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1569 after the Union of Lublin.
In 1500, the Polish Treasury books make their first references to hussars, still light cavalry, largely foreign mercenaries, from the Serbian state of Raška (Рашка
and were called Racowie ('of Serbia'). "They came from the Serbian state of Ras."[4][5] Initially the first hussar units in the Kingdom of Poland were formed by the Sejm (Polish parliament) in 1503, which hired three banners of Hungarian mercenaries. Quickly recruitment also began among Polish citizens. Being far more expendable than the heavily armoured lancers of the Renaissance, the Polish-Serbian-Hungarian hussars played a fairly minor role in the Polish Crown victories during the early 16th century, exemplified by the victories at Orsza (1514) and Obertyn (1531). During the so called 'transition period' of the mid-1500s heavier armed hussars largely replaced typical 16th century armored lancers riding armored horses, in the Polish 'Obrona Potoczna' cavalry forces serving on the southern frontier.In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: The true winged Polish-Lithuanian type hussar came with the reforms of the king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania Stephen Bathory in the 1570s. The hussars were the leading or even elite branch of cavalry in the Polish-Lithuanian army from the 1570s until 1776, when their duties and traditions were passed on to the Uhlans by a parliamentary decree. Most hussars were recruited from the wealthier Polish and Lithuanian nobility (szlachta). Each 'towarzysz' (Polish for 'comrade') of hussars raised his own poczet or lance/retinue. Several retinues were combined to form a hussar banner or company (Chorągiew husarska).
Over the course of the 16th century, hussars in Hungary had become heavier in character: they had abandoned wooden shields and adopted plate metal body armour. When Stefan Batory, a Transylvanian-Hungarian prince, was elected king of Poland and later was accepted as a Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1576 he reorganized the hussars of his Royal Guard along Hungarian lines, making them a heavy formation, equipped with a long lance as their main weapon. By the reign of Batory (1576–1586) the hussars had replaced medieval-style lancers in the Polish Crown and Grand Duchy of Lithuania armies, and they now formed the bulk of the Polish and Lithuanian cavalry. By the 1590s most Polish-Lithuanian hussar units had been reformed along the same 'heavy' Hungarian model. These 'heavy' Commonwealth hussars were known in Poland as husaria.
Winged Hussar: The hussars were famous for their huge 'wings', a wooden frame carrying usually eagle, but sometimes ostrich, swan or goose feathers. The symbolism is connected with the Serbian origin. In the 16th century characteristic painted wings or winged claws began to appear on cavalry shields. Wings were originally attached to the saddle and later to the back. In 1645, Col. Szczodrowski was said to have used ostrich wings.
Many theories were made from historians for the purpose of the wings, but none have ever really been authenticated.
The most common is that they wore the wings because they made a loud, clattering noise which made it seem like the cavalry was much larger than in reality. Others possibilities included that the wings were made to defend the backs of the men against swords and lassos, or that they were worn to make their own horses deaf to the wooden noise makers used by the Ottoman and the Crimean Tatars.
Religions (Complete, but needs review)
Civilizations (7 needing descriptions. 1 needing approval)
Spoiler :
Kongolese
Indonesian (Needs to be rewritten)
Moors
Phoenicians (Separate from Carthiginians)
Polish
Spoiler :
The establishment of a Polish state is often identified with the adoption of Christianity by its ruler Mieszko I in 966, over the territory similar to that of present-day Poland. The Kingdom of Poland was formed in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a long association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin, forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth ceased to exist in 1795 as the Polish lands were partitioned among the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire, and Austria. Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic in 1918. Two decades later, in September 1939, World War II started with the Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union invasion of Poland (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact). Over six million Polish citizens died in the war. Poland reemerged several years later within the Soviet sphere of influence as the People's Republic in existence until 1989. During the Revolutions of 1989, 45-year long communist rule was overthrown and the democratic rule was re-established. That gave foundations to modern Poland, constitutionally known as the "Third Polish Republic".
In Game: Strategy -- Needs to be written
Role -- Needs to be written
History: Religion -- Until World War II, Poland was a religiously diverse society, in which substantial Jewish, Protestant and Christian Orthodox minorities coexisted with a Roman Catholic majority. As a result of the Holocaust and the post–World War II flight and expulsion of German and Ukrainian populations, Poland has become overwhelmingly Roman Catholic. In 2007, 88.4% of the population belonged to the Catholic Church. Though rates of religious observance are lower, at 52% to 60%, Poland remains one of the most devoutly religious countries in Europe!
Prussians (Separate from Germans)
Tamils
Tibetans
Thais
Corporations (7 needing descriptions (all of them))
Spoiler :
Silk Route
Textile Industry
Trading Company
Luxury Industry (Corporation 8)
Fishing Industry
Computer Industry (Corporation 9)
Cereal Industry
Civics (13 completed. 9 still need to be done.)
Resources (Completed!)
Spoiler :
Tobacco (Complete!) - Solzhenitsyn
Spoiler :
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicotine tartrate, used in some medicines. It is most commonly used as a drug, and is a valuable cash crop for countries such as Cuba, India, China, and the United States. It is manufactured from the leaf and used in cigars and cigarettes, snuff, and pipe and chewing tobacco. Tobacco plants are also used in plant bioengineering, and some of the 60 species are grown as ornamentals. The chief commercial species, N. tabacum, is believed native to tropical America, like most nicotiana plants, but has been so long cultivated that it is no longer known in the wild. N. rustica, a mild-flavored, fast-burning species, was the tobacco originally raised in Virginia, but it is now grown chiefly in Turkey, India, and Russia. The alkaloid nicotine is the most characteristic constituent of tobacco and is responsible for its addictive nature. The harmful effects of tobacco derive from the thousands of different compounds generated in the smoke, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzpyrene), formaldehyde, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, radioactive polonium-210, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), phenols, and many others.
History: Tobacco had already long been used in the Americas when European settlers arrived and introduced the practice to Europe, where it became popular. Many Native American tribes traditionally used tobacco. Following the arrival of the Europeans, tobacco became increasingly popular as a trade item. It fostered the economy for the southern United States until it was replaced by cotton. Following the American civil war, a change in demand and a change in labor force allowed inventor James Bonsack to create a machine that automated cigarette production.
This increase in production allowed tremendous growth in the tobacco industry until the scientific revelations of the mid-20th century.
Following the scientific revelations of the mid-20th century, tobacco became condemned as a health hazard, and eventually became encompassed as a cause for cancer, as well as other respiratory and circulatory diseases. In the United States, this led to the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), which settled the lawsuit in exchange for a combination of yearly payments to the states and voluntary restrictions on advertising and marketing of tobacco products.
In the 1970s, Brown & Williamson cross-bred a strain of tobacco to produce Y1. This strain of tobacco contained an unusually high amount of nicotine, nearly doubling its content from 3.2-3.5% to 6.5%. In the 1990s, this prompted the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to use this strain as evidence that tobacco companies were intentionally manipulating the nicotine content of cigarettes.
In 2003, in response to growth of tobacco use in developing countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) successfully rallied 168 countries to sign the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The Convention is designed to push for effective legislation and its enforcement in all countries to reduce the harmful effects of tobacco. This led to the development of tobacco cessation products.
Tea (Complete!) - Caesar Augustus
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Tea is a pleasant, healthful beverage produced from the leaves of the tea tree (Camillia sinensis). It is usually made by boiling tea leaves in water, though it can also be made more slowly by steeping in cold water. Often flavorings such as milk, cream, honey, sugar, herbs, or spices are added, either directly to the tea leaves before preparing the beverage or afterward. Tea is popular worldwide, being the second most commonly drunk beverage in the world, after water, with production centered in China and India.
The tea tree, native to the borderlands of China, India, and Burma, has been cultivated in China since at least 1000 BC. Tea became one of the most important commodities in China, and tea bricks, produced by compressing and drying the leaves, were of high enough value to be used in the place of currency. By 1000 AD, tea drinking had become an integral part of Japanese, Korean, Persian, and Arabian culture as well.
Introduced to Europe from the Portuguese port of Macao, tea gained prominence slowly, becoming a fad drink in France and Russia before more permanently establishing itself as the national drink of Great Britain. In the 1800's, China's monopoly on the beverage was broken when wild tea trees were discovered within British India. Within a few decades, tea production and consumption had expanded worldwide, with significant industries as far afield as Iran, Kenya, and Argentina.
Coffee (Complete!) - Caesar Augustus
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Coffee is a dark, richly bitter beverage brewed from the seeds of one of the many species of the Coffea genus. After harvesting, the seeds must be roasted before the beverage can be brewed. The relatively large amount of caffeine in the beans give the resulting beverage an energizing effect. The large number of cultivated species and immense variety of roasting and brewing techniques lead to great variety in taste among different coffees.
Though wild Coffea plants grow throughout southern and eastern Africa as well as tropical Asia, the most commercially important types, and those first cultivated, are native to northern Ethiopia. While there are legends of earlier use, the first reliably recorded cultivation and consumption of coffee as a beverage was recorded in 15-th century Yemen. The new crop was immensely popular almost immediately, spreading through the Muslim world within a century.
Though coffee had become an important commodity, the plant itself was a closely guarded secret until several unroasted seeds were smuggled into India in 1670. From this springboard, Dutch traders introduced the plant to Indonesia and Sri Lanka, while the French began cultivation in Martinique which eventually spread through South and Central America. To this day, coffee is a cash crop of choice throughout the tropical and sub-tropical world.
Leaders (Most of them still need to be listed)
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Chandragupta
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- iOnlySignIn
Chandragupta II The Great, known as Chandragupta Vikramaditya, was one of the most powerful emperors of the Gupta empire in northern India. His rule spanned c. 380–413/415 CE, during which the Gupta Empire reached its zenith in terms of both power and culture. This period is often referred to as the Golden Age of India.
Chandragupta attained success by pursuing both marital alliances with neighboring realms and the aggressive expansionist policy of his predecessors. With his main opponent Rudrasimha III defeated by 395, and the subjugation of the Bengal chiefdoms, his control over the Indian subcontinent was extended from coast-to-coast, and the Gupta Empire reached its maximum territorial extent.
Despite the expansion of the Gupta empire through war, his reign is remembered for its very influential style of Hindu art, literature, culture and science. The empire were also supportive of thriving Buddhist and Jain cultures, and this synthesis gave Gupta art its distinctive flavour. Artists were so highly valued under his rule that they were paid for their work — a rare phenomenon in ancient civilizations.
The court of Chandragupta was graced by the Navaratna (Nine Jewels), a group of nine great artists. The greatest among them was Kalidasa, who authored numerous celebrated pieces of literature including Abhijñānaśākuntalam.
Chandragupta II The Great, known as Chandragupta Vikramaditya, was one of the most powerful emperors of the Gupta empire in northern India. His rule spanned c. 380–413/415 CE, during which the Gupta Empire reached its zenith in terms of both power and culture. This period is often referred to as the Golden Age of India.
Chandragupta attained success by pursuing both marital alliances with neighboring realms and the aggressive expansionist policy of his predecessors. With his main opponent Rudrasimha III defeated by 395, and the subjugation of the Bengal chiefdoms, his control over the Indian subcontinent was extended from coast-to-coast, and the Gupta Empire reached its maximum territorial extent.
Despite the expansion of the Gupta empire through war, his reign is remembered for its very influential style of Hindu art, literature, culture and science. The empire were also supportive of thriving Buddhist and Jain cultures, and this synthesis gave Gupta art its distinctive flavour. Artists were so highly valued under his rule that they were paid for their work — a rare phenomenon in ancient civilizations.
The court of Chandragupta was graced by the Navaratna (Nine Jewels), a group of nine great artists. The greatest among them was Kalidasa, who authored numerous celebrated pieces of literature including Abhijñānaśākuntalam.
Atatürk
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 - 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is regarded the founder of the Republic of Turkey.
Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence.
Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, westernized and secular nation-state. Among these reforms is a completely new writing system for the Turkish language based on the Latin alphabet, as a solution to the literacy problem in Turkey. "Atatürk" is a unique surname bestowed to him in this new system, meaning "Father of Turks". The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is commemorated by many memorials throughout Turkey. At the exact time of his death, on every 10 November, at 09:05 am, most vehicles and people in the country's streets pause for one minute in remembrance.
Meiji
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Emperor Meiji the Great (1852 – 1912) was the emperor of Japan from 1867 until his death. He presided over a time of rapid change in Japan, as the nation rose from a feudal shogunate to become a great power of the modern world.
Meiji’s accession to the throne coincided with the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration to the emperor of supreme executive authority in the country. Unlike his father Kōmei, he supported the growing popular consensus on the need for modernization of Japan along Western lines that had developed as a result of the country’s resumption of contact with other nations after a 250-year period of cultural and economic isolation.
As emperor he formally ordered the abolition of the feudal land system (1871), the creation of a new school system (1872), adoption of the cabinet system of government (1885), promulgation of the Meiji Constitution (1889), and opening of the Diet (1890). He played active roles in the prosecution of the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05). In 1910 he issued an edict proclaiming the annexation of Korea to Japan.
Meiji himself epitomized the superimposition of Western ideas and innovations onto a base of Japanese culture; he wore Western clothes and ate Western-style food but also managed to compose 100,000 poems in the traditional Japanese style during his lifetime.
Technologies
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Still needs listing
Also! Please post if I miss one, or one is added from a recent update on the version.
Special thanks to:
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Sid Meier and Firaxis
Rhye
Leoreth
Daffy
iOnlySignIn
Caesar Augustus
BenZL43
