Outline of France
Note! This history is subject to edits according to feedback from Daftpanzer and other players. Assume it was written by a rabid French nationalist.
History
Ancient Gauls (10 000-1000 BC)
A contested account often dismissed as pseudohistory, France upholds a belief in a trans-Atlantic Gallic culture which from which Celtonia, France, Spain, Portugal and Latin Rome are descended, often dubbed the ‘Atlantean Hypothesis’. French point to the existence of dolmens and other megalithic structures as evidence for the material truth of this history.
Frankish Migration (1000-800 BC)
Proto-Germanic tribes migrating out of Scandinavia settle in Gaul, forming a new ruling class. The origins of Frankish Kingship come from this period.
Old France (800 BC-700 AD)
The Merovingian, Carolingian and Capetian Frankish dynasties, among many others, established the basis of the French state. A feudal system with a warrior aristocracy becomes extremely well-established through this period, but begins to decay and become increasingly unable to resist foreign incursions.
Viking Raids (700-1000 AD)
As the great Viking expeditions out of Scandinavia reach their peak, Scandinavian adventurers peel away peripheral French duchies such as Normandie, and the French monarchy falls to its nadir.
Romanization (1000 AD-1412 AD)
As the Viking era stabilizes at its conclusion and the invaders assimilate into the native population, Roman transatlantic influence is reaching its peak. Roman traders and missionaries established monasteries and trading entrepots in Eastern France, introducing their language and religion. Facing profound crises of legitimacy the Frankish lords begin to adopt many Roman traditions as their own.
The Maid of Orléans (1412-1499 AD)
The most transformative person in all of French History. Born in a small town some distance from Orléans into a time of duplicitous dukes, conniving counts and an utterly powerless Capetian monarchy, a peasant girl led a resistance against the remaining Norse Jarls in France. Inspired by powerful Christian visions, she accelerated the slow religious conversion of France into a tremendous wave, casting out the last remnants of foreign rule from and returning power to the King. However, King Charles Capet proved to be a weak and inept figurehead, and the Maid would go on to be the dominant person in government, guided by divine inspiration, military acumen and shrewd political judgement. A lifelong virgin, she was succeeded by her niece as Mayor of the Palace ‘under’ Charles Capet.
The Arc Ages (1499-1700 AD)
The House of Arc solidified Roman Catholicism as the faith of France, and established themselves as monarchs in all but name. The legend of the Sainted Maid also instilled traditions of martial infallibility, legitimized female rulership and normalized the presence of women alongside men in the army. With the eventual death of the last main-line Capetians, the House of Arc became the true monarchs of France. Energetic leaders and reformers saw great strides in governmental organization and technology. The decline of feudal privileges and the rise of a centralized monarchy saw great amounts of political and economic power accumulate in Paris. Improved agricultural techniques and land reform led to a tremendous boom in population, bringing yet further economic development, spreading wealth to a nascent middle class in the cities and countryside alike, and turned France into one of the beating hearts of the global Renaissance.
The Scandinavian Wars (1700-1750 AD)
As France had flourished over the previous centuries, so had Scandinavia languished. The Jarls had wrested power away from any central source to the point where there was no unified authority at all, as had been the case a millennium before in France. With a powerful state apparatus and advanced gunpowder army, France began to roll up the disparate Jarls in a half-century of wars, culminating in the expansion of French borders all the way to the gates of Teotihuacan.
The Darc Ages (1750-1789 AD)
While French power was at its zenith, the conquest of Scandinavia proved to be a poisonous luncheon which would eventually prove fatal to the old monarchy. Burdened by the costs of conquering and occupying such a vast realm, and belligerent in its foreign policy, the House of Arc fell deeper and deeper into a catastrophic debt, while the accumulation of wealth by the beneficiaries of the Arc monarchy saw the gradual immiseration of the rural peasantry. At the same time, liberal ideas were infiltrating society and the restive middle classes, owners of much of the monarchy’s debts, who sought ever-greater influence in the governance of France. As the ossifying Arc regime grew increasingly intransigent, the calls for change grew ever louder.
Révolution! (1789-1830)
Facing the prospect of bankruptcy, King Louis d’Arc grudgingly called upon a grand assembly of the potentates of France to resolve the economic crisis. Proving to be stubborn when he ought to have been flexible, and overly accommodating when he ought to have been bold, Louis rapidly alienated almost all of his estates. Liberal reformers pushed him into accepting limits to his power, but the King’s refusal to cooperate with these potential allies eventually saw the Liberals discredited by radicals, who saw it more fitting to remove the monarchy altogether, ultimately resolving to execute Louis, bringing an end to the unbroken line which had ruled France for nearly 300 years. Through the 1790s, France rapidly fell into a horrifying civil war, with the radical powers in Paris growing increasingly extreme in their outlooks, and the peasantry roiling between progressive land reformers and conservative monarchists. No great military genius arose from the carnage of this conflict, and instead France fought itself until it was utterly exhausted, from which emerged neither a radical republic of the people nor the restoration of the infallible absolute monarchy. Instead, France experienced the most hideous of ironic fates: compromise, in the form of the restoration of a liberal cadet branch of the House of Arc under a constitutional system, the exact thing that Louis had refused forty ruinous years before.
Restoration (1830-1840 AD)
Exhausted by war, France was for the first time in decades ruled by an uncontested Queen of the French, Madeleine d’Arc. Madeleine had the liberal credentials to mollify the larger part of France’s political left, while also presenting a pious and stoic figure of authority in the model of the Maid to satisfy the French political right. She maintained a strong military posture throughout her rule, ultimately forming international alliances with Celtonia which set her Kingdom on a collision course for war against the Great Iroquois Nation.
World War 1 (1840-1860 AD)
Madeleine d’Arc looked to a war of Germany, America and France against Iroquois as an opportunity to solidify her rule, restore the legend of military infallibility, and right half a century of French political tragedy. Her decision would serve to revive the legend of her family, although she would not be the beneficiary. Rather it was a distant cousin, Alexandre d’Arc, who would earn great glory in a stunning conquest of Iroquois México and the rise of France to a new level of imperial glory. When Madeleine was temporarily isolated from the public due to illness, Alexandre crowned himself Emperor, establishing autocratic, military-backed rule and neutering the French Chamber of Deputies.
The French Empire/The Mutilated Peace (1860-1880 AD)
Alexandre was dumbfounded by the peace proposals offered by his Celtonian allies, which would see the return of vast portions of France’s conquests. Vowing to maintain what France had earned by right of blood, Alexandre continued his war against the exhausted Iroquois, seeking to establish a French hegemony over Euromerica by fiat. The period of the French Empire saw a major diplomatic realignment in the French-Celtonian split, with France maintaining an alliance with America, and further allying with their erstwhile indirect foes, the Romans, and the previously neutral Dutch. Celtonia and Germany formed the centre of the rival pact for world domination.
World War 2 (1880-1890 AD)
Alexandre d’Arc was an energetic, charismatic and deeply capable Emperor who ruled from the marshal’s tent, rather than the palaces of Paris. Much of his reign was spent doing battle in the Iroquois hinterlands, where he won victory after victory against the Iroquois, aiming to grind them down with the superior numbers and firepower of the French Empire. Seeking to bring another front to bear against the Iroquois, Alexandre placed his brother Guillaume on the throne of the Celtic puppet of Spain. It was in the midst of this long campaign that Celtonia launched a ‘peacekeeping’ operation to halt Alexandre’s ambitions- a move that is now regarded as the beginning of the Second World War. Forced onto the back foot, Alexandre led his armies against Celtonian operations in Mexico, until his shocking death to stray artillery fire in 1885. From this point onwards, the Celts and Germans pressed steadily southwards into the French Empire. Emperor Alexandre II, still a child, was discredited by his inability to bring about any miraculous victories, and the Imperial Marshals fought increasingly disjointed defences as two hundred years of glorious conquest were undone by German and Celtonian arms.
End of Empire (1890-1900 AD)
At the humiliating Peace of Lund, the French Empire was mercilessly dismembered. Celtonian-German peacekeepers saw the restoration of their former archenemy, the Iroquois, as well as the resurrection of Mexico and the creation from whole cloth of the Scandinavian Union. France’s northern border was pushed as far south as Chartres while proud Normandie, the fist of the empire, was reduced to an exclave forced to host a Celtic garrison. Madeleine’s daughter, Marie, was restored to rulership in a revived constitutional monarchy, and maintained the title of Empress, although under the circumstances of France’s humiliation this seemed almost like a mockery by the victorious powers.
The Cliques (1900-1910 AD)
The Imperial Army, directly descended from the proud royal legions who once conquered Scandinavia, won the First World War against the Iroquois and laid low an entire continent, was the true source of authority in France and had been ever since Alexandre I’s torso was violently removed from the rest of his body. In the first years of Marie’s rule, France’s economy was in ruins and unable to maintain many of the functions of state. Correctly perceiving the incapacitation of the nation, the Imperial Marshals took on many of these functions, effectively turning the old military commands into de facto autonomous departments, leaning on France’s historic admiration of military strength. On the other side of the political aisle, long-suppressed anarchist and communist movements abounded, seeking to win the revolution which was denied a century prior. The Imperial Marshals have taken to suppressing these movements with gusto, and present themselves as the only legitimate inheritors to France.
Civil War/The Second French Revolution (1910-1928)
With Empress Marie d’Arc’s death to an anarchist’s bullet, her daughter, the auspiciously-named Empress Jeanne I, ascended to de jure leadership of France. A liberal by inclination and education, Jeanne had the allegiance of the emaciated middle class of French society, but had all but lost the Army and held no sway over the simmering urban and rural proletariat. Her complete failure to prevent the independence of the Duchy of Normandie further cratered her legitimacy, despite this loss being rather directly due to the refusal of the Imperial Marshals to cooperate with Paris, as well as the overwhelming threat of Celtonian military intervention supporting the Normans. Grand Marshal Villeneuve of the eastern Loire Clique initiated the civil war by marching on Paris to depose the Empress, only to be halted by loyalist Marshal Villiers at the Battle of Bourges. Grand Marshal Jourdain of Rheims cooperated with Paris to halt the Loire Clique’s advance, but subsequently withdrew his support once the Paris government began to retake ground. Meanwhile, Grand Marshal Ignace controls the oil-producing western departments, probing against the vulnerable western frontier and placing artillery alarmingly close to Paris.
An Uncertain Future (1928 and Beyond)
France is in a lower state than it has been in for a millennium, when Viking raids scoured the coast and the teachings of Christ had not yet illuminated the lands. The Loire and Rheims Cliques are in open war over Marseilles, home of the first revolution, while the Orléans Clique is in a state of low-level conflict with Paris. A dizzying array of factions seek to capitalize on this moment, or simply to survive.
Political Factions
Alexandrines
Legitimists who promote the cause of the descendants of Alexandre d’Arc, the last great leader of France. Anti-democratic, ambiguous in their stance towards Catholicism, and fiercely militaristic, Alexandrines dream of the reunification of France by military force and the recreation of maximalist French Imperial visions. Unfortunately for them, they are hamstrung by the lack of a universally agreed-upon heir to Alexandre, which bears half of the responsibility for the disunity of the cliques- the other half being the incredibly large egos of the Grand Marshals, who could bow before an Alexandre III but would rather die than bend a knee to each other.
Loyalists
Urban and liberal supporters of Empress Jeanne, while simultaneously and paradoxically Catholic and socially conservative, the Loyalists are an ostensibly weak faction but hold a central and difficult-to-dislodge position in the wealthiest and most developed part of France, while also having passive support in the cities outside of Jeanne’s control. Jeanne’s legitimacy derives from her grandmother’s emergence as the uniting ruler at the end of the revolution, but there is no consensus on who the true heir of the Sainted Maid is, which prevents any sort of grand monarchist reunification.
Communards
A largely-urban movement grown out of the impoverishment of the working class of the cities which grew so massively from the 1700s to the 1900s, communards reject the house of Arc entirely, seeking to create a democratic socialist state led by a revolutionary vanguard of armed workers. The communard movement was dealt a profound blow during World War 2, when the red-red split between Dutch and Celtic communists shattered the unity of the movement, but the current iteration of the French Communard Party aligns itself with Amsterdam.
Anarchists
Once part of the same revolutionary movement as the communards, the blacks split with the reds decades ago over a similar row to that which shattered communist unity. Philosophically rejecting the communard insistence on the authority of the state, the anarchists deeply oppose all forms of authority, whether they carry a red flag, a tricolour or an imperial eagle. Moreso than any faction in France, the anarchists are present everywhere, and ready to act the moment the fascists weaken themselves in their own struggles for power.
Note! This history is subject to edits according to feedback from Daftpanzer and other players. Assume it was written by a rabid French nationalist.
History
Ancient Gauls (10 000-1000 BC)
A contested account often dismissed as pseudohistory, France upholds a belief in a trans-Atlantic Gallic culture which from which Celtonia, France, Spain, Portugal and Latin Rome are descended, often dubbed the ‘Atlantean Hypothesis’. French point to the existence of dolmens and other megalithic structures as evidence for the material truth of this history.
Frankish Migration (1000-800 BC)
Proto-Germanic tribes migrating out of Scandinavia settle in Gaul, forming a new ruling class. The origins of Frankish Kingship come from this period.
Old France (800 BC-700 AD)
The Merovingian, Carolingian and Capetian Frankish dynasties, among many others, established the basis of the French state. A feudal system with a warrior aristocracy becomes extremely well-established through this period, but begins to decay and become increasingly unable to resist foreign incursions.
Viking Raids (700-1000 AD)
As the great Viking expeditions out of Scandinavia reach their peak, Scandinavian adventurers peel away peripheral French duchies such as Normandie, and the French monarchy falls to its nadir.
Romanization (1000 AD-1412 AD)
As the Viking era stabilizes at its conclusion and the invaders assimilate into the native population, Roman transatlantic influence is reaching its peak. Roman traders and missionaries established monasteries and trading entrepots in Eastern France, introducing their language and religion. Facing profound crises of legitimacy the Frankish lords begin to adopt many Roman traditions as their own.
The Maid of Orléans (1412-1499 AD)
The most transformative person in all of French History. Born in a small town some distance from Orléans into a time of duplicitous dukes, conniving counts and an utterly powerless Capetian monarchy, a peasant girl led a resistance against the remaining Norse Jarls in France. Inspired by powerful Christian visions, she accelerated the slow religious conversion of France into a tremendous wave, casting out the last remnants of foreign rule from and returning power to the King. However, King Charles Capet proved to be a weak and inept figurehead, and the Maid would go on to be the dominant person in government, guided by divine inspiration, military acumen and shrewd political judgement. A lifelong virgin, she was succeeded by her niece as Mayor of the Palace ‘under’ Charles Capet.
The Arc Ages (1499-1700 AD)
The House of Arc solidified Roman Catholicism as the faith of France, and established themselves as monarchs in all but name. The legend of the Sainted Maid also instilled traditions of martial infallibility, legitimized female rulership and normalized the presence of women alongside men in the army. With the eventual death of the last main-line Capetians, the House of Arc became the true monarchs of France. Energetic leaders and reformers saw great strides in governmental organization and technology. The decline of feudal privileges and the rise of a centralized monarchy saw great amounts of political and economic power accumulate in Paris. Improved agricultural techniques and land reform led to a tremendous boom in population, bringing yet further economic development, spreading wealth to a nascent middle class in the cities and countryside alike, and turned France into one of the beating hearts of the global Renaissance.
The Scandinavian Wars (1700-1750 AD)
As France had flourished over the previous centuries, so had Scandinavia languished. The Jarls had wrested power away from any central source to the point where there was no unified authority at all, as had been the case a millennium before in France. With a powerful state apparatus and advanced gunpowder army, France began to roll up the disparate Jarls in a half-century of wars, culminating in the expansion of French borders all the way to the gates of Teotihuacan.
The Darc Ages (1750-1789 AD)
While French power was at its zenith, the conquest of Scandinavia proved to be a poisonous luncheon which would eventually prove fatal to the old monarchy. Burdened by the costs of conquering and occupying such a vast realm, and belligerent in its foreign policy, the House of Arc fell deeper and deeper into a catastrophic debt, while the accumulation of wealth by the beneficiaries of the Arc monarchy saw the gradual immiseration of the rural peasantry. At the same time, liberal ideas were infiltrating society and the restive middle classes, owners of much of the monarchy’s debts, who sought ever-greater influence in the governance of France. As the ossifying Arc regime grew increasingly intransigent, the calls for change grew ever louder.
Révolution! (1789-1830)
Facing the prospect of bankruptcy, King Louis d’Arc grudgingly called upon a grand assembly of the potentates of France to resolve the economic crisis. Proving to be stubborn when he ought to have been flexible, and overly accommodating when he ought to have been bold, Louis rapidly alienated almost all of his estates. Liberal reformers pushed him into accepting limits to his power, but the King’s refusal to cooperate with these potential allies eventually saw the Liberals discredited by radicals, who saw it more fitting to remove the monarchy altogether, ultimately resolving to execute Louis, bringing an end to the unbroken line which had ruled France for nearly 300 years. Through the 1790s, France rapidly fell into a horrifying civil war, with the radical powers in Paris growing increasingly extreme in their outlooks, and the peasantry roiling between progressive land reformers and conservative monarchists. No great military genius arose from the carnage of this conflict, and instead France fought itself until it was utterly exhausted, from which emerged neither a radical republic of the people nor the restoration of the infallible absolute monarchy. Instead, France experienced the most hideous of ironic fates: compromise, in the form of the restoration of a liberal cadet branch of the House of Arc under a constitutional system, the exact thing that Louis had refused forty ruinous years before.
Restoration (1830-1840 AD)
Exhausted by war, France was for the first time in decades ruled by an uncontested Queen of the French, Madeleine d’Arc. Madeleine had the liberal credentials to mollify the larger part of France’s political left, while also presenting a pious and stoic figure of authority in the model of the Maid to satisfy the French political right. She maintained a strong military posture throughout her rule, ultimately forming international alliances with Celtonia which set her Kingdom on a collision course for war against the Great Iroquois Nation.
World War 1 (1840-1860 AD)
Madeleine d’Arc looked to a war of Germany, America and France against Iroquois as an opportunity to solidify her rule, restore the legend of military infallibility, and right half a century of French political tragedy. Her decision would serve to revive the legend of her family, although she would not be the beneficiary. Rather it was a distant cousin, Alexandre d’Arc, who would earn great glory in a stunning conquest of Iroquois México and the rise of France to a new level of imperial glory. When Madeleine was temporarily isolated from the public due to illness, Alexandre crowned himself Emperor, establishing autocratic, military-backed rule and neutering the French Chamber of Deputies.
The French Empire/The Mutilated Peace (1860-1880 AD)
Alexandre was dumbfounded by the peace proposals offered by his Celtonian allies, which would see the return of vast portions of France’s conquests. Vowing to maintain what France had earned by right of blood, Alexandre continued his war against the exhausted Iroquois, seeking to establish a French hegemony over Euromerica by fiat. The period of the French Empire saw a major diplomatic realignment in the French-Celtonian split, with France maintaining an alliance with America, and further allying with their erstwhile indirect foes, the Romans, and the previously neutral Dutch. Celtonia and Germany formed the centre of the rival pact for world domination.
World War 2 (1880-1890 AD)
Alexandre d’Arc was an energetic, charismatic and deeply capable Emperor who ruled from the marshal’s tent, rather than the palaces of Paris. Much of his reign was spent doing battle in the Iroquois hinterlands, where he won victory after victory against the Iroquois, aiming to grind them down with the superior numbers and firepower of the French Empire. Seeking to bring another front to bear against the Iroquois, Alexandre placed his brother Guillaume on the throne of the Celtic puppet of Spain. It was in the midst of this long campaign that Celtonia launched a ‘peacekeeping’ operation to halt Alexandre’s ambitions- a move that is now regarded as the beginning of the Second World War. Forced onto the back foot, Alexandre led his armies against Celtonian operations in Mexico, until his shocking death to stray artillery fire in 1885. From this point onwards, the Celts and Germans pressed steadily southwards into the French Empire. Emperor Alexandre II, still a child, was discredited by his inability to bring about any miraculous victories, and the Imperial Marshals fought increasingly disjointed defences as two hundred years of glorious conquest were undone by German and Celtonian arms.
End of Empire (1890-1900 AD)
At the humiliating Peace of Lund, the French Empire was mercilessly dismembered. Celtonian-German peacekeepers saw the restoration of their former archenemy, the Iroquois, as well as the resurrection of Mexico and the creation from whole cloth of the Scandinavian Union. France’s northern border was pushed as far south as Chartres while proud Normandie, the fist of the empire, was reduced to an exclave forced to host a Celtic garrison. Madeleine’s daughter, Marie, was restored to rulership in a revived constitutional monarchy, and maintained the title of Empress, although under the circumstances of France’s humiliation this seemed almost like a mockery by the victorious powers.
The Cliques (1900-1910 AD)
The Imperial Army, directly descended from the proud royal legions who once conquered Scandinavia, won the First World War against the Iroquois and laid low an entire continent, was the true source of authority in France and had been ever since Alexandre I’s torso was violently removed from the rest of his body. In the first years of Marie’s rule, France’s economy was in ruins and unable to maintain many of the functions of state. Correctly perceiving the incapacitation of the nation, the Imperial Marshals took on many of these functions, effectively turning the old military commands into de facto autonomous departments, leaning on France’s historic admiration of military strength. On the other side of the political aisle, long-suppressed anarchist and communist movements abounded, seeking to win the revolution which was denied a century prior. The Imperial Marshals have taken to suppressing these movements with gusto, and present themselves as the only legitimate inheritors to France.
Civil War/The Second French Revolution (1910-1928)
With Empress Marie d’Arc’s death to an anarchist’s bullet, her daughter, the auspiciously-named Empress Jeanne I, ascended to de jure leadership of France. A liberal by inclination and education, Jeanne had the allegiance of the emaciated middle class of French society, but had all but lost the Army and held no sway over the simmering urban and rural proletariat. Her complete failure to prevent the independence of the Duchy of Normandie further cratered her legitimacy, despite this loss being rather directly due to the refusal of the Imperial Marshals to cooperate with Paris, as well as the overwhelming threat of Celtonian military intervention supporting the Normans. Grand Marshal Villeneuve of the eastern Loire Clique initiated the civil war by marching on Paris to depose the Empress, only to be halted by loyalist Marshal Villiers at the Battle of Bourges. Grand Marshal Jourdain of Rheims cooperated with Paris to halt the Loire Clique’s advance, but subsequently withdrew his support once the Paris government began to retake ground. Meanwhile, Grand Marshal Ignace controls the oil-producing western departments, probing against the vulnerable western frontier and placing artillery alarmingly close to Paris.
An Uncertain Future (1928 and Beyond)
France is in a lower state than it has been in for a millennium, when Viking raids scoured the coast and the teachings of Christ had not yet illuminated the lands. The Loire and Rheims Cliques are in open war over Marseilles, home of the first revolution, while the Orléans Clique is in a state of low-level conflict with Paris. A dizzying array of factions seek to capitalize on this moment, or simply to survive.
Political Factions
Alexandrines
Legitimists who promote the cause of the descendants of Alexandre d’Arc, the last great leader of France. Anti-democratic, ambiguous in their stance towards Catholicism, and fiercely militaristic, Alexandrines dream of the reunification of France by military force and the recreation of maximalist French Imperial visions. Unfortunately for them, they are hamstrung by the lack of a universally agreed-upon heir to Alexandre, which bears half of the responsibility for the disunity of the cliques- the other half being the incredibly large egos of the Grand Marshals, who could bow before an Alexandre III but would rather die than bend a knee to each other.
Loyalists
Urban and liberal supporters of Empress Jeanne, while simultaneously and paradoxically Catholic and socially conservative, the Loyalists are an ostensibly weak faction but hold a central and difficult-to-dislodge position in the wealthiest and most developed part of France, while also having passive support in the cities outside of Jeanne’s control. Jeanne’s legitimacy derives from her grandmother’s emergence as the uniting ruler at the end of the revolution, but there is no consensus on who the true heir of the Sainted Maid is, which prevents any sort of grand monarchist reunification.
Communards
A largely-urban movement grown out of the impoverishment of the working class of the cities which grew so massively from the 1700s to the 1900s, communards reject the house of Arc entirely, seeking to create a democratic socialist state led by a revolutionary vanguard of armed workers. The communard movement was dealt a profound blow during World War 2, when the red-red split between Dutch and Celtic communists shattered the unity of the movement, but the current iteration of the French Communard Party aligns itself with Amsterdam.
Anarchists
Once part of the same revolutionary movement as the communards, the blacks split with the reds decades ago over a similar row to that which shattered communist unity. Philosophically rejecting the communard insistence on the authority of the state, the anarchists deeply oppose all forms of authority, whether they carry a red flag, a tricolour or an imperial eagle. Moreso than any faction in France, the anarchists are present everywhere, and ready to act the moment the fascists weaken themselves in their own struggles for power.
