I remember having made a thread about this a while ago. This is the post I made back then :
"I know the Civ had natural disasters in the past, and certainly, myself among others, hate to build Something and to see it ruined because of "bad luck".
However, I truly believe that adding natural disasters could bring much more value into the game, not only because they can ruin weaken a superpower of the game (or an unlucky weaker power, or even you), but also because it is Something that happened throughout history.
But should it be implemented just like that, in a way of "a natural disaster may occur but whatever, it's not like you could do something about it" ? No. Anti disasters structures are known and have been built for more than 2000 years. And that is the main part of my post : add natural disasters while adding at the same time features that prevent them or at least reduce the damage.
There could be 6 types of natural disasters :
1. Volcanic eruptions
The 3 tiles around the volcano produce 1 food more than regular grass tiles. Indeed, volcanic lands are known for their fertility. However, the Volcano may erupt, causing wreck around those tiles and a loss of population.
However, as you advance through times, shelters may be built, reducing the lost population, build anti-ashes structures, to reduce damage, and in the modern era, build a national volcanic research center to be freed from any danger.
2. Earthquakes
Of course, earthquakes may occur any time, any where. When it would happen, there could be earthquakes of magnitude 3, 5, 7 or 9. The magnitude indicated the diameter of the number of tiles touched by the earthquake. In a magnitude 7 earthquake, the tile 4, which is the center, would the most casualities, with the damages being reduced as we get further from the center of the quake.
However, you may build sismic structures to prevent damages, , and the more times passes, the more resistant structures you can build. In the modern era, you can build the national seismic research center to prevent any damage from earthquekes (it also applies to tsunamis).
3. Cyclones/tempest/tornadoes
Tornadoes and Cyclones follow a rather random way and may may appear anywhere, wrecking havoc your population and buildings.
Again, you can prevent it, by simply building shelters, anticyclonic structures, Firemen, and the meteorogical research center to be totally protected from it.
4. Tsunamis
Tsunamis only 2 tiles far on the coast, destroying everything in their passage.
As you guessed it, shelters, anti-tsunami structures are your friends to prevent damage from the big waves. However, tsunamis being caused by earthquakes under water, the national seimic researh center protects also from tsunamis.
5. Floods and Droughts
Sometimes, weather is not on your side. Floods and droughts reduce the food production and production of the affected tiles.
However, you can prevent these by sending caravans with food to you affected cites, and the meteorogical research center (the same as for cylones and tornadoes) may protect from any further problem.
6. Epidemics
Epidemics happen, one the worst being the black plague. Your buildings and districts do not suffer, but your units and population do, losing everyturn some HP and population. Also, if healthy unit enters an infected area or is attacked by an infected unit, it can become infected. If the player plays the game right, he could make the epidemic into a pandemic.
Thankfully, there are way to reduce the epidemics. Building sewers, medical camps and hospitals. Reaching a certain technology, like penicilin or vaccines, may end the epidemics crisis and protect your people from further problems.
All these features could be gathered into a "prevention and protection district", and add some spice into the game, while not making it a problem you can't fight against. Plus, your spies could inform you if some civs have ... natural problems.
But if someone truly hates random event that may ruin his game "unjustly" (or maybe he didn't build anything to prevent it) could still go to Advanced options and deactivate natural disaters."