Theres really no one civ that will accomplish all of the things you listed, all civs are relatively the same. (For instance.. Sure the Persians have those nifty immortals, but given equally fertile starting positions, the English could wage war just as effectively.) As a newer player you should lean towards civs with the Religious and Industrious attributes. Scientific is nice, and you can use expansionist as a crutch while you learn the game.
If you want to expand faster, time your settlers to pop up on the same turn your city reaches size 3. Don't spend time building improvements in your earlier cities, concentrate on just getting them to size three, and crank out settlers for a large portion of the ancient age. Granaries can go in cities with limited growth, and will do well in your capital, and perhaps your closest two cities. As the ancient age progresses, your core cities can switch to building an infrastructure or a military. Its important to concentrate solely on expansion in the beginning of the game though, unless you planned specifically to fight an early war.
On warlord difficulty, this is all you'll really need to keep pace, and even out expand the AI. As you get more advanced with the game, browse the war academy.
Mine grassland squares, don't irrigate grassland under despotism, as the food gain is negated. Road tiles being worked, and connect cities to reduce corruption. If possible build cities on rivers for the boost in commerce, and for faster growth (won't need an aqueduct at size 6). I generally like to space my cities about 4 tiles apart, though this varies depending on the locations of resources, rivers, hills, etc, i wouldn't build cities any farther than 5 tiles from the last though.
To progress quickly technologically, trade with, and buy technology from neighboring civs often, don't try to do all the research yourself, you'll fall behind that way. Later in the game, of course, build libraries and universities. The research institutions cost way too much to build in the early game, and you're better off trading/buying techs with AI nations. On chieftan difficulty this is hard to implement, since the AI research is painfully slow, try moving to warlord. Some players actually find warlord to be easier than chieftan, once they get the game down.
For early wars, most people enter the game, take a look at their starting position and neighboring civs, and decide if an early war would be feaseable, and profitable. For tips on some early starting strategies visit
this thread
I suggest skipping chieftan difficulty and moving directly to warlord. The AI is so ridiculously handicapped at chieftan, it will set you up with some bad habits.
Hope this helped.
Edit: btw, Egyptians got my vote.

Great attributes, useful, if not short-lived UU, and very versatile.