Leftist Pseudo-Intellectuals Peer-Review and Publish Hoax Study

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DELINGPOLE: ‘Penises Cause Climate Change’; Progressives Fooled by Peer-Reviewed Hoax Study

A pair of hoaxers have managed to get an academic journal to peer-review and publish their paper claiming that the penis is not really a male genital organ but a social construct.

"The paper, published by Cogent Social Sciences – “a multidisciplinary open access journal offering high quality peer review across the social sciences” – also claims that penises are responsible for causing climate change."

They also took care to make it completely incomprehensible.

"We didn’t try to make the paper coherent; instead, we stuffed it full of jargon (like “discursive” and “isomorphism”), nonsense (like arguing that hypermasculine men are both inside and outside of certain discourses at the same time), red-flag phrases (like “pre-post-patriarchal society”), lewd references to slang terms for the penis, insulting phrasing regarding men (including referring to some men who choose not to have children as being “unable to coerce a mate”), and allusions to rape (we stated that “manspreading,” a complaint levied against men for sitting with their legs spread wide, is “akin to raping the empty space around him”). After completing the paper, we read it carefully to ensure it didn’t say anything meaningful, and as neither one of us could determine what it is actually about, we deemed it a success."

None of it should have survived more than a moment’s scrutiny by serious academics. But it was peer-reviewed by two experts in the field who, after suggesting only a few changes, passed it for publication:

Cogent Social Sciences eventually accepted “The Conceptual Penis as a Social Construct.” The reviewers were amazingly encouraging, giving us very high marks in nearly every category. For example, one reviewer graded our thesis statement “sound” and praised it thusly, “It capturs [sic] the issue of hypermasculinity through a multi-dimensional and nonlinear process” (which we take to mean that it wanders aimlessly through many layers of jargon and nonsense). The other reviewer marked the thesis, along with the entire paper, “outstanding” in every applicable category.

They didn’t accept the paper outright, however. Cogent Social Sciences’ Reviewer #2 offered us a few relatively easy fixes to make our paper “better.” We effortlessly completed them in about two hours, putting in a little more nonsense about “manspreading” (which we alleged to be a cause of climate change) and “dick-measuring contests.”

No claim made in the paper was considered too ludicrous by the peer-reviewers: not even the one claiming that the penis is “the universal performative source of rape, and is the conceptual driver behind much of climate change.”

http://www.breitbart.com/tech/2017/...gressives-fooled-by-peer-reviewed-hoax-study/



The fact that such complete drivel was published in a social science journal, the hoaxers argue, raises serious questions about the value of fields like gender studies and the state of academic publishing generally. This also raises serious questions concerning the state of modern leftist academia, the credibility of liberal academics, and their willingness to publish meaningless pseudo-science, so long as, it appears to agree with their anti-intellectual worldview.
 
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The skeptic.com article breitbart cites has a relevant section they largely omit in their reporting:

The Pay-to-Publish, Open-Access Journal Problem
Cogent Social Sciences is a multidisciplinary open access journal offering high quality peer review across the social sciences: from law to sociology, politics to geography, and sport to communication studies. Connect your research with a global audience for maximum readership and impact.

One of the biggest questions facing peer-reviewed publishing is, “Are pay-to-publish, open-access journals the future of academic publishing?” We seem to have answered that question with a large red, “No!”

There is, however, an asterisk on that “No!” That is, the peer-review process in pay-to-publish, open-access journals cannot achieve quality assurance without extremely stringent safeguards (which will come as no surprise to anyone familiar with the debate). There’s nothing necessarily or intrinsically wrong with either open-access or pay-to-publish journals, and they may ultimately prove valuable. However, in the short term, pay-to-publish may be a significant problem because of the inherent tendencies toward conflicts of interest (profits trump academic quality, that is, the profit motive is dangerous because ethics are expensive).

The pay-to-publish mechanism should not affect the quality control standards of the peer-review process. Cogent Open Access claims to address this problem by using a blind review process. Does it work? Perhaps not always, if this case is any indication. Some pay-to-publish journals happily exploit career-minded academicians and will publish anything (cf: the famous Seinfeld hoax paper)1. Is that the case here? Gender studies scholars committed to the integrity of their academic discipline should hope so, and they have reason for suspecting it. For a minimal payment of $625, Cogent Social Sciences was ready to publish, “The Conceptual Penis as a Social Construct.”2

There seems to be a deeper problem here, however. Suspecting we may be dealing with a predatory pay-to-publish outlet, we were surprised that an otherwise apparently legitimate Taylor and Francis journal directed us to contribute to the Cogent Series. (Authors’ note: we leave it to the reader to decide whether or not NORMA: International Journal for Masculinity Studies constitutes a legitimate journal, but to all appearances it is run by genuine academic experts in the field and is not a predatory money-mill.) The problem, then, may rest not only with pay-to-publish journals, but also with the infrastructure that supports them.

In sum, it’s difficult to place Cogent Social Sciences on a spectrum ranging from a rigorous academic journal in gender studies to predatory pay-to-publish money mill. First, Cogent Social Sciences operates with the legitimizing imprimatur of Taylor and Francis, with which it is clearly closely partnered. Second, it’s held out as a high-quality open-access journal by the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), which is intended to be a reliable list of such journals. In fact, it carries several more affiliations with similar credentialing organizations.

These facts cast considerable doubt on the facile defense that Cogent Social Sciences is a sham journal that accepted “The Conceptual Penis as a Social Construct” simply to make money. As a result, wherever Cogent Social Sciences belongs on the spectrum just noted, there are significant reasons to believe that much of the problem lies within the very concept of any journal being a “rigorous academic journal in gender studies.”

Conclusion: A Two-Pronged Problem for Academia
There are at least two deeply troublesome diseases damaging the credibility of the peer-review system in fields such as gender studies:

  1. the echo-chamber of morally driven fashionable nonsense coming out of the postmodernist social “sciences” in general, and gender studies departments in particular and
  2. the complex problem of pay-to-publish journals with lax standards that cash in on the ultra-competitive publish-or-perish academic environment. At least one of these sicknesses led to “The Conceptual Penis as a Social Construct” being published as a legitimate piece of academic scholarship, and we can expect proponents of each to lay primary blame upon the other.
“The Conceptual Penis as a Social Construct” underwent a blind peer-review process and yet was accepted for publication. This needs serious explaining. Part of the fault may fall on the open-access, pay-to-publish model, but the rest falls on the entire academic enterprise collectively referred to as “gender studies.” As we see it, gender studies in its current form needs to do some serious housecleaning.

If the Seinfeld paper can get published it doesn't particularly surprise me that this can.
 
Oooh, we got ourselves a live one!

Also, you were expecting something serious out of a free open-access "journal"? Somehow the paper went from submission to publishing in just over a month - not an indication of a stellar journal and has a bibliography that wouldn't be accepted in a sophomore term paper. As someone who has worked with published research and faculty who have published papers in scholarly journals, the review process in any half decent journal takes months. What the hoaxers did is went hunting for a dime-a-dozen online "journal" with sufficiently loose standards to not care about what gets put on their website. If you think this is in any way representative of actual academic publishing you betray only your complete lack of familiarity with the peer review process and academic publishing.

EDIT: I didn't realize this was a pay-to-publish journal. Those have the same level of intellectual rigor than an infomercial.
 
It was published by Cogent Social Sciences.

"Cogent Social Sciences is a multidisciplinary open access journal offering high quality peer review across the social sciences: from law to sociology, politics to geography, and sport to communication studies."
https://www.cogentoa.com/journal/social-sciences

EDIT: I didn't realize this was a pay-to-publish journal. Those have the same level of intellectual rigor than an infomercial.

I agree, the complete lack of credible science in modern liberal academia is alarming at best.

Also, you were expecting something serious out of a free open-access "journal"?

I expect very little from liberal academia. They have nearly destroyed higher education entirely.
 
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Is anyone surprised that Breitbart omits key paragraphs that completely change the meaning? Well, no.

Is there any reason that such garbage 'reporting' would be cut and pasted at us? Yes, of course there is.
 
It was published by Cogent Social Sciences.

"Cogent Social Sciences is a multidisciplinary open access journal offering high quality peer review across the social sciences: from law to sociology, politics to geography, and sport to communication studies."
https://www.cogentoa.com/journal/social-sciences
And?
A sex toy can say on the box that it feels like a real woman, doesn't make it so.

I agree, the complete lack of credible science in modern liberal academic is alarming.
Either you are so unfamiliar with the academic publishing process that you think all journals are pay-to-publish open access ones, or you have the most selective reading capacity of anyone I've encountered.

I mean, this is the sort of citation and data work that should give you an idea, however limited, of what the actual standards for citation and data work in publishing looks like. (And this was just a senior thesis updating the Herander and Saavedra work to include a more modern dataset and a few other variables, not even an article submitted for publishing or real research.)
Spoiler for size :


Works Cited

Alesina, Alberto; Devleeschauwer, Arnaud; Easterly, William; Kurlat, Sergio; Wacziarg, Romain. “Fractionalization,” Journal of Economic Growth 8 (June 2002) 155-194.

Anderson, James E; van Wincoop, Eric. “Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle,” The American Economic Review 93 (March 2003) 170-192.

Bartel, Ann P. “Where Do the New U.S. Immigrants Live?” Journal of Labor Economics 7 (October 1989), 371-391.

Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto. The History and Geography of Human Genes. (1994) Princeton University Press.

Darvas, Zsolt. “Real Effective Exchange Rates for 178 Countries: A New Database,” Working Paper, Bruegel (March 2012).

Easterly, William; Levine, Ross. “Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 111 (1997) 1203-1250.

Fafchamps, Marcel. “Ethnicity and Networks in African Trade,” Contributions to Economic Analysis and Policy (2003).

Grief, Avner. “Reputation and Coalitions in Medieval Trade: Evidence on the Maghrebi Traders,” Journal of Economic History 49 (1989) 857-882.

Grief, Avner. “Contract Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: The Maghrebi Traders’ Coalition,” American Economic Review 83 (1993) 525-548.

Helliwell, John F. How Much Do National Borders Matter? (Washington Brookings Institution, 1998).

Herander, Mark G.; Saavedra, Luz. “Exports and the Structure of Immigrant-Based Networks: The Role of Geographic Proximity” The Review of Economics and Statistics. (May 2005) 323-335.

Jansen, Marion; Piermartini, Roberta. “Temporary Migration and Bilateral Trade Flows,” The World Economy (2009) 735-753.

Lewer, Joshua J.; Van den Berg, Hendrik. “Estimating the Institutional and Network Effects of Religious Cultures on International Trade,” Kyklos 60 (May 2007) 255-277

McCallum, John. “National Borders Matter: Canada-US Regional Trade Patterns,” American Economic Review 85 (June 1995), 615-623.

Rauch, James E. “Trade and Search: Social Capital, Sogo Shosha, and Spillovers,” NBER working paper no. 5618 (1996).

Rauch, James E. “Networks versus Markets in International Trade,” Journal of International Economics 48 (June 1999), 7-36.

Spolaore, Enrico; Wacziarg, Romain. “The Diffusion of Development,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics (May 2009) 469-529.

Thorpe, Michael; Zhaoyang, Zhang. “Study of the Measurements and Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in East Asia,” Asian Economic Journal 19 (June 2005) 231-247.

US Census Bureau. “Decennial Data on the Foreign Born Population” https://www.census.gov/population/foreign/data/decennial.html


Appendix A

Included Countries: Bosnia, Canada, China, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Germany, Guatemala, Haiti, India, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vietnam


Table 1. Results of Regression

Variable

Total Exports

Total Manufactured Exports

Total Non-manufactured Exports


Pairwise .5

Pairwise .75

Pairwise .5

Pairwise .75

Pairwise .5

Pairwise .75

limtotal

.507**

(.104)

.507**

(.104)

.474**

(.108)

.474**

(.108)

.689**

(.141)

.689**

(.141)

lstatenonimmigrant

-.001

(.061)

-.001

(.061)

.006

(.062)

.006

(.062)

.110

(.087)

.110

(.087)

lnaturalization

-.250**

(.070)

-.250**

(.070)

-.238**

(.072)

-.238**

(.072)

-.234**

(.100)

-.234**

(.100)

lpairmuslim

-.610**

(.203)

-.407**

(.135)

-.543**

(.217)

-.362**

(.145)

-.985**

(.248)

-.657**

(.165)

lpairhindu

-.197

(.165)

-.131

(.110)

-.160

(.166)

-.106

(.110)

-.195

(.242)

-.130

(.161)

lpairbuddhist

.331**

(.137)

.221**

(.091)

.267*

(.138)

.178*

(.092)

1.007**

(.199)

.671**

(.133)

lpairjewish

.067

(.149)

.044

(.099)

.152

(.158)

.101

(.105)

-.195

(.233)

-.130

(.155)

lpairnone

2.960**

(.566)

1.973**

(.377)

3.111**

(.563)

2.074**

(.375)

2.326**

(.960)

1.550**

(.902)

lpairchristian

6.327**

(.982)

4.218**

(.655)

6.851**

(1.012)

4.567**

(.674)

3.061**

(1.354)

2.041**

(.902)

lgeneticdistance

.128

(.129)

.128

(.129)

.206

(.127)

.206

(.127)

-.626**

(.187)

-.626**

(.187)

lfracethnic

-.406**

(.077)

-.406**

(.077)

-.462**

(.077)

-.462**

(.077)

-.183

(.113)

-.183

(.113)

lfraclang

.001

(.066)

.001

(.066)

.003

(.063)

.003

(.063)

.218**

(.110)

.218**

(.110)

lfracreligion

.277

(.171)

.277

(.171)

.191

(.175)

.191

(.175)

.865**

(.267)

.865**

(.267)

ldiffgdpcapita

-.216**

(.070)

-.216**

(.070)

-.258**

(.074)

-.258**

(.074)

-.033

(.074)

-.033

(.074)

ldistance

-1.296**

(.122)

-1.296**

(.122)

-1.376**

(.127)

-1.376**

(.127)

-1.069**

(.124)

-1.069**

(.124)

adjacentstate

.728**

(.199)

.728**

(.199)

.597**

(.201)

.597**

(.201)

.943**

(.261)

.943**

(.261)

englishlanguage

1.891**

(.198)

1.891**

(.198)

1.911**

(.202)

1.911**

(.202)

1.368**

(.269)

1.368**

(.269)

lopen

-.321

(.228)

-.321

(.228)

-.332

(.232)

-.332

(.232)

-.771**

(.358)

-.771**

(.358)

lreerdb

-.696*

(.415)

-.696*

(.415)

-.754*

(.411)

-.754*

(.411)

-.578

(.623)

-.578

(.623)

lpopulationcountry

1.176**

(.080)

1.176**

(.080)

1.234**

(.081)

1.234**

(.081)

.692**

(.098)

.692**

(.098)

lpopulationstate

.967**

(.063)

.967**

(.063)

1.004**

(.065)

1.004**

(.065)

.740**

(.087)

.740**

(.087)

constant

-2.384

(3.458)

-2.384

(3.458)

-2.687

(3.468)

-2.687

(3.468)

7.004

(4.312)

7.004

(4.312)

Note: Numbers in parentheses are the standard error. Significance at 5% and 10% represented by ** and * respectively.

Too lazy to reformat the tables for cfc.
 
And?
A sex toy can say on the box that it feels like a real woman, doesn't make it so.

And liberal academics can refer to themselves as "intellectuals" and publish peer-reviewed papers calling them "scientific" just as easily, so it seems.

However, anyone who isn't a pseudo-intellectual would expect an academic journal to have much higher standards than the claims on sex toy packaging.
 
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Republican shills can call themselves independents, entertainment networks targeting the right can call themselves news, and jerks can call themselves politically incorrect...there's no end to this, so is there really any point?
 
And liberal academics can refer to themselves as "intellectuals" and publish peer-reviewed papers calling them "scientific" just as easily, so it seems.

However, anyone who isn't a pseudo-intellectual and is serious about science would expect an academic journal to have much higher standards than the claims on sex toy packaging.

The only people I've encountered using the word "intellectual" are people on the internet complaining about people allegedly calling themselves "intellectuals".
I gave you in the spoiler above examples of actual journals and can provide far more journals. If this problem is as rampant in academic publishing as you seem to believe, I highly encourage you to try submitting "hoax" articles to them and do some investigative journalism.

Here is another set of journals you could approach to test them for scientific and academic rigor:
Spoiler knock yourself out :


Bloomfield, Lincoln P. 1963. “Headquarters-Field Relations: Some Notes on the Beginning and End of ONUC.” International Organization 17 2. 377- 389

Boehme, Olivier. 2005. “The Involvement of the Belgian Central Bank in the Katangan Secession, 1960-1963.” African Economic History 33 1-29.

Buchanan, Allen. 1997. “Theories of Secession.” Philosophy and Public Affairs. 26 1 31-61.

Eichengreen, Barry. 2008. The European Economy since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond. Princeton University Press.

Gerard-Libois, Jules. 1966. Katanga Secession. University of Wisconsin Press. Transl. Rebecca Young.

Gibbs, David N. 1993. “Dag Hammarskjold, the United Nations, and the Congo Crisis of 1960-1: A Reinterpretation.” The Journal of Modern African Studies. 31 (March) 163-174.

Gibbs, David N. 1996. “Misrepresenting the Congo Crisis: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-63, Volume XX: Congo Crisis.” African Affairs 95 (July) 453-459.

Hochschild, Adam. 1999. King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Houghton Mifflin.

Hughes, Matthew. 2003. “Fighting for White Rule in Africa: The Central African Federation, Katanga, and the Congo Crisis. 1958-1965.” The International History Review 25 (September) 592-615.

Iandolo, Alessandro. 2014. “Imbalance of Power: The Soviet Union and the Congo Crisis, 1960-1961.” Journal of Cold War Studies 16 (Spring) 32-55.

Islam, M. Rafiqul. 1985. “Secessionist Self-Determination: Some Lessons from Katanga, Biafra, and Bangladesh.” Journal of Peace Research 22 (September) 211-221.

Jenne, Erin K. 2011. “Secession.” The Encyclopedia of Political Science. 5 1524-1525.

Kaplan, Lawrence S. 1967. “The United States, Belgium, and the Congo Crisis of 1960.” The Review of Politics 29 (April) 239-256.

Larmer, Miles. 2012. “Of Local Identities and Transnational Conflict: The Katangese Gendarmes and Central-Southern Africa’s Forty-Years War, 1960-99.” Transnational Soldiers: Foreign Military Enlistment in the Modern Era, eds. Nir Arielli and Bruce Collins. Palmgrave Macmillan

Lemarchand, Rene. 1962. “The Limits of Self-Determination: The Case of the Katanga Secession.” The American Political Science Review. 59 (June) 404-416.

Margalit, Avishai; Raz, Joseph. 1990. “National Self-Determination.” The Journal of Philosophy. 87 (September) 439-461.

Meriwether, James H. 2009. Proudly We Can be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935-1961. University of North Carolina Press.

Moore, Margaret. 1997. “On National Self-determination.” Political Studies. 900-913.

Namikas, Lise. 2013. Battleground Africa: Cold War in the Congo 1960-1965. Woodrow Wilson Center Press

Nwaubani, Ebere. 2001. “Eisenhower, Nkrumah and the Congo Crisis.” Journal of Contemporary History 36 (October) 599-622.

ONUC. 2001. United Nations Operation in the Congo. Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Department of Public Information.

Simon, Thomas W. 2011. “Remedial Secession: What the Law Should Have Done, from Katanga to Kosovo.” Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law. 40.

Stearns, Jason. 2012. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa. PublicAffairs.

Westad, Odd Arne. 2007. The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. Cambridge University Press
 
The only people I've encountered using the word "intellectual" are people on the internet complaining about people allegedly calling themselves "intellectuals".
I gave you in the spoiler above examples of actual journals and can provide far more journals. If this problem is as rampant in academic publishing as you seem to believe, I highly encourage you to try submitting "hoax" articles to them and do some investigative journalism.

He's a Breitbart reader. They don't do investigative journalism, they just parrot off whatever they want to hear at each other.
 
And?
I mean, this is the sort of citation and data work that should give you an idea, however limited, of what the actual standards for citation and data work in publishing looks like.

Well, they did at least manage to make it look fairly impressive and professional, I mean just look. That's at least four pages of dense text, with about half a page of references. :p
 
If this problem is as rampant in academic publishing as you seem to believe, I highly encourage you to try submitting "hoax" articles to them and do some investigative journalism.

The fact that people above the age of 5 feel the need to blow $100,000 to study gender, and are able to do so is proof that academic publishing is in need of some very serious reform.
 
He's a Breitbart reader. They don't do investigative journalism, they just parrot off whatever they want to hear at each other.
I can hope that he is eager enough to demonstrate his intellectual superiority over us emasculated ****s that, from the comfort of his own chair, he could submit hoax articles to the journals I mentioned in the spoilers to test his theory in academic publishing being intellectually bankrupt.
(And then publish his findings in a journal. Could actually be quite an interesting paper.)
 
Why us the first word in this thread's title "Leftist?"

When I saw "Leftist" and "Hoax" in the same sentence,I jumped to the conclusion, this was assuredly about a rightist hoax. I was right. Sad. :sad:
 
The fact that people above the age of 5 feel the need to blow $100,000 to study gender, and are able to do so is proof that academic publishing is in need of some very serious reform.
So, no love for attempting to better understand the social relationships present in furnished inhumations in post-Roman Frankish society?

Spoiler for size :

"There may be one category of burials about which we can say something a little different. This is constituted by burials which have grave-goods which generally seem to be inappropriate for people of the biological sex in question. A discussion of this group will lead me to my concluding points. It must first be conceded that this group of graves is very small; the vast majority of alleged cases may be questioned either on the basis of inadequate osteological data survival or analysis or, more commonly, because of insufficient contextual examination of the normal gender-associations of objects on that site at that period. Often, the artefact-classes of ‘weaponry’ or ‘jewellery’ are too loosely defined. Nonetheless, there are certainly some examples which appear to be genuine. How one analyses these within the problematic of alterity is a difficult problem. On the one hand the point must be reiterated that the bare fact of inclusion in the communal cemetery, as well as the evidence that the interment was conducted with appropriate ritual, care and attention by surviving relatives speak against seeing the occupant of such a grave as somehow ‘other’. The fact that the difference from the normal is made clear in the evidence, in the public deposition of artefacts and costume accessories, also removes the possibility (discussed earlier) that the deceased’s family were trying to cover up any difference and stress consensual normality. On the other hand, however, it is very difficult to avoid the conclusion that the deposition of (in biological terms) a man or woman with items overwhelmingly associated with the opposite sex represents an inversion of one of the most important structuring norms in social organisation, one with which concepts of alterity were very strongly associated, as noted above.
"The first point to be made in confronting this conundrum is that we should not see the interment of biologically female subjects with masculine artefacts analytically equivalent to the burial of biological males with feminine material culture. One of the detectable movements in Merovingian material culture in the sixth and seventh centuries is the adoption of some masculine artefacts by women. This is best seen in the case of plaque-buckles. These started out as strongly masculine items of apparel but seem gradually to have been adopted by women. This in turn led to a redrawing of this gender distinction, with decorated and larger examples being buried with males. The dynamic continued to operate, however, with women starting to wear decorated plaque-buckles and men investing more in the size and decoration of their belt-buckles. This dynamic is of course well attested in many social contexts. The construction of masculinity and the boundary it erected against the feminine were therefore always under a certain degree of pressure, with a constant level of ‘background noise’ where women were adopting masculine items. This movement is in many ways to be expected in situations where women were judged positively for the possession of certain masculine qualities.

"The handful of plausible cases of women interred with weapons needs particular care. It has been tempting, especially for non-academic readers, to leap to conclusions questioning the male dominance of warfare and even to refer to mythic concepts such as ‘shield-maidens’. This is especially significant for this paper as societies which contained armies of women (notably the Amazons) constituted one of the key manifestations of alterity in the Roman ethnographic imaginary. Some caution is required. Heinrich Härke long ago drew attention to the fact that close study suggests that a strict, functionalist connection between weapons and an actual warrior role is highly questionable. Most obviously, there are small children buried with weapons – rarely in Merovingian Gaul; more commonly in Anglo-Saxon England and the Alamannic regions. We do not assume that this implies that six-year-olds went off to fight. That said, I have argued before that the symbolism of weaponry was more specific than merely a right to fight. The written sources in any case tell us of women involved in low-level violence. I have suggested that the level of violence referred to in the deposition of weaponry was that of the army, of warfare, and the right to take part in it.
"There is no evidence that women had a right to participate in the activities of the army but there are nevertheless several ways in which weaponry could still appropriately be employed in the interments of females. One might be through the breach of norms to manifest a family’s distinction, as noted earlier; in other words a family might be suggesting that its right to participation in the military and political activities of the army inhered in, and could be passed through, its womenfolk. Similarly, the family into which such a woman had married might have been staking a claim to acquire that right, or the military obligations that came with particular lands, through that marriage. The written sources do tell us occasionally of women involved in some military activities. The Liber Historiae Francorum’s admittedly problematic account of Queen Fredegund accompanying the Neustrian army on campaign against the Austrasians is perhaps the best instance. Weapons could represent the control of warriors. It is also well-attested that a female role in leading the defence of settlements was accepted in the early Middle Ages. Weapons in a female burial could represent recognition of such a role or achievement. There are therefore many interpretive options available before we appeal to shamanism, the historical existence of warrior maidens or a mass conspiracy on the part of male writers to conceal the existence of the latter.
"The points made in the preceding paragraph are, however, only valid where weapons accompany an otherwise feminine burial assemblage. Where a subject biologically sexed as female was interred with a masculine complement of grave-goods different issues arise. If what we might think of as a biological woman lived her/his life as a man, then there is no necessary transgression of the usual societal norms. This is where the more recent revision of the common idea that gender is a social construct on the basis of biological sex make their point. If such people were interred as men then clearly the community regarded them as men, not as women acting as men. The only transgression would be when women who lived their lives as women take part in what were regarded as exclusively masculine activities.
"Females buried with what we might call a mixed gender-kit – weaponry alongside the usual female assemblage – nevertheless raise a crucial point, with which I will end. The female warrior was, as noted, a classic sign of alterity in the late antique imaginary. And yet, we do seem to have some actually-existing female subjects whose involvement in warfare was recognised as apt by the community – hence its recognition in the burial rite. This same seeming paradox may be attested in the interment of males with female artefacts. As I intimated earlier, these examples do raise some different issues from those brought up by the females with masculine goods. First, there is no commensurate valorisation of the male adopting feminine attributes. Here we actually have a written text to help us, although it is not one without problems. Gregory of Tours does refer to a man dressed as a woman, during the tribunal at the end of the revolt of the nuns of Holy Cross, Poitiers. [See also here.] The man justified his wearing of female garb in terms of his inability to perform ‘manly work’. Whatever this may have meant, it was evidently not an unalloyed positive. As Nancy Partner has pointed out, moreover, it is significant that this subject was described by Gregory and, evidently, the other participants in the episode as a man wearing woman’s clothes, not as a woman. It seems therefore that the episode shows us costume being employed an outward sign of some kind of falling away from ideal manliness, rather than a ‘biological male’ living life as a woman. It is also unlikely that we would encounter burials of the ‘mixed’ type just discussed with biological males. Someone recognised as a man, but buried in feminine costume would be unlikely also to receive the weaponry customary for someone of his (biological) sex, for the simple reason that a decision to live life as a woman would undermine the ability to participate in the masculine activities symbolised by weapons. It might, however, be the case that we might find men buried with masculine costume but with female artefacts appended – items evidently symbolic of female work such as weaving batons, loom-weights and so on, for example. This would require close examination because methods of determining the gender association of artefacts might simply render these objects ‘gender-neutral’ and the fact that they are not items of bodily or costume adornment (jewellery) would make the anomaly less immediately obvious. Thus the known ‘transgressive’ burials of biological males seem to be those interred in female costume, like the Poitevin mentioned by Gregory. The inclusion of these people within the communal cemetery, and the respect and recognition given to their identity in the public burial ritual, show that even though one might consider their life-style to have represented the very acme of ‘otherness’, as envisaged in writings about ideal behaviour, in practice room could be made for them within the early medieval community. This point would seem, as intimated earlier, to apply quite commonly within early medieval society, as it is manifested in the burial record.
"This illustrates a vitally important element of alterity, which has been much discussed in modern philosophy, and returns us to our starting point. The social and political value of ‘otherness’ resides precisely in in the fact that it cannot be actualised; it can be confronted on the basis of the empirical only with difficulty, as was mentioned earlier. It is extremely difficult to illustrate the ideology of alterity via actually-existing communities. As Slavoj Žižek has repeatedly argued, the ideological function of otherness is to act, so to speak, as a peripheral ‘blot’ which draws the gaze away from tensions that might threaten the status quo. When one attempts to view it constantly moves again. The only way to tackle it is to adopt a perspective different from that assumed by ideology. On the other hand, the tragedy of identity and alterity is that that ideology can be used to rupture communities that have long lived side-by-side, as in the countless instances of nationalism and ethnic cleansing in the modern world. The variability that we can see within the post-imperial cemetery record may suggest, more happily, moments when such differences could be incorporated within everyday interaction."[/quote]

https://edgyhistorian.blogspot.com/search?q=female

And that is a blog post but a well regarded historian (Guy Halsall).

Well, they did at least manage to make it look fairly impressive and professional, I mean just look. That's at least four pages of dense text, with about half a page of references. :p
I saw that. What surprised me more than the hoax aspect was that a journal took in a paper that barely passes four pages and so few references I don't even need to open up my fly to count them all.
 
Most people are able to figure it by the time they're 5. One quick game of, "you show me yours, and I'll show you mine" pretty much covers it.
 
tl;dr

enlightened redpilled rationalist half-gods expose the degenerate gendercrazed leftist liberal-((((science)))) establishment for what it really is via a completely ebin xD trolefest, and all of that for only 600$

also, my dear RomanKing, just fyi, most roman "kings" (e.g. romulus) were semi-mythical men that probably never existed. really, the word you are looking for is "emperor", or, more accurately, "caesar".

your profile pic ironicaly is the first emperor and the fact that you failed even at naming yourself kind of chips away at your credibility. just trying to help a brother out, you know. maybe if you ask bootstoots nicely he'll allow you to rename :)
 
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Most people are able to figure it by the time they're 5. One quick game of, "you show me yours, and I'll show you mine" pretty much covers it.
Okay, what is your analysis of the presence of traditionally "male" grave goods in furnished inhumations (such as a spearhead or seax) in female graves?
 
Infracted for flaming.
Okay, what is your analysis of the presence of traditionally "male" grave goods in furnished inhumations (such as a spearhead or seax) in female graves?

I can see you're one of those people who wasted 100K when you could have been developing a marketable skill.

Moderator Action: Flaming is against the rules. Due to your recent bans, you should refresh your knowledge of the rules here on CFC to avoid further punishment. Two point infraction. - Vincour
Please read the forum rules: http://forums.civfanatics.com/showthread.php?t=422889
 
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I can see you're one of those people who wasted 100K when you could have been developing a marketable skill.

there are countries where (*gasp*) you don't even have to pay loads of money to get decent education, or get a degree. in some countries you even get paid in order to study physics, or maths, or gender studies. I could've gotten 300+ euros a month for studying enthnology, but I passed on the money.
 
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