I think something has been overtuned or doesn't work as intended with happiness.
My most developed cities generate an insane amount of unhappiness ( from religious division and poverty)
Check the screenshot.
As you can see the infrastructure are right and, I don't have many cities ( seven if my memory doesn't play me ), I am still not able to manage unhappiness in my best cities ( I won't even show screenshot from some weakest cities )
Something is not working right either intentional or unintentional
I think it is a bug in the UI (guessing).
I think the answer to the riddle of the weird maths in the UI happiness needs calculations are that when the total needs modifier says 144% that means to non-coders a total of 44% increase in need.
So over time, the factors that increase needs are rising relative to 0% while the factors that decrease needs are decreasing relative to 100%.
So for decreasing needs the real number we care about is 100% minus what the UI says because 100% is equivalent to no factors.
The maths all adds up when you do that.
I think what happens is that in VP it is so easy to blame a bug for the times when you can't get one of the happiness factors under control and then the UI just makes it even more confusing. I thought I was immune to this but I'm not.
In my game for example:
Factors that decrease needs:
Basic needs: 54% (is really 100 - 54)
Gold need: 44% (is really 100 - 44)
Science need: 64% (is really 100 - 64)
Culture need: 64% ( is really 100 - 64)
Religion mod: 82% (is really 100 - 82)
It means that relative to 100% at the start of the game I have been focusing on getting poverty down (100% - 44% = 66%) more than the others which is exactly what I have done. However, because of the other civs and situations in the game my best efforts are not necessarily good enough (which is fine).