XIII. The Encircling War, Part II - A World in Turmoil
The last Shah of the Safavid Dynasty
Shah Soltan 1694-1722
The first Shah of the Afsharid Dynasty
Nader Shah 1736-1747
As the focus of the war turned to the west, Persia had become the unquestioned leading power of the world. The previous world power (and still the most technologically sophisticated nation) China had been clearly beaten by the superior training, tactics, and numbers of the Persian army, and had suffered a devastating drop in prestige (Mongolia renounced its vassal status in 1712). A census carried out in 1715 found that over twenty million people (from The Zagros Mountains in the west to the port of Hangzhou in the east) were subjects of the Shah. Further, diplomatic advances were being made in the west, with Spain agreeing to mutual right-of-passage in 1712, and Portugal in 1733.
The empire in 1718
The forced that were gathered at the south-western border near the German city of Köln were still meagre, and reinforcements from the Chinese war would take several years to be redeployed, so at first, the battle at this front was marked with disappointment -
the 8th Infantry was lost in 1712 and the Abbas Horsemen and Lorestan Horsemen defeated in 1718. The defense of Moskva was also, once again, requiring
the permanent stationing of several regiments in that city.
The Western Army outside Köln in 1715
The Russian Defense Force in Moskva in 1718
Relations and cultural exchanges were also being deepened with the distant Christian territories ruled by the Viking Council. By the 1720s,
the political ideology of democracy was being advocated in Persian universities, and the Scandanavian countries were mimicking Persian military traditions and the idea of the corporation.
Political and cultural exchange between Scandanavia and Persia in the 1720s
In 1722, at the death of Shah Soltan, and his sons and stepsons fighting for the throne,
the heriditary right of his family to the throne was put into question by two military factions - the traditional Qizilbash and a new upstart clan from the northern regions championing Hotaki as their leader. In 1724, the Qizilbash, to secure public support for their choice, pressured the Western Army to press urgently on to Köln and to take the city within the year. The commanders of the Western Army, feeling that they still had not been given adequte numbers, called up local troops from Ectabana and the mountain regions to augment their force, and began their assault on the German city. Some of these local units, in particular
the Pashtun Woodsmen, showed outstanding valour and success in the battles, but the battles wore on far beyond that year, and although German forces in the region were being depleted, victory was elusive.
The Victories of the Pashtun Woodsmen at Köln
Meanwhile, through the diplomatic maneuverings of nations hostile to the Persians (notably China, Mongolia, and Japan), at a Congress held in Oslo in 1727,
a motion to have Xi'an returned to the Chinese was passed by a slim majority. Due to the power vacuum in Parsa there was no official response to this bold resolution, but it was clear that the Persian military (the real power during those years) was of any mind to make such a concession. Hence,
China and Mongolia together declared war on Persia, only 18 years after their humiliating defeat. China, however, having failed to prevent
the independence of even the minor city of Chittagong just three years before, was not considered a serious military threat.
The independence of Chittagong
The Congress of Oslo (1727)
The war in the hills above Köln was finally turned around beginning in 1727, when a young commander named
Nader took the Khorasan Horsemen (renamed afterwards the Nader Shah Horsemen) to a dazzling series of victories, and also lifted the morale of the weary Western Army, so as to finally conquer the city by 1730.
The conquest of Köln (1730)
Immediately, The
German Holy Islamic Emperor sent a delegation to Nader's camp to promise the capitulation of the entire German nation in return for peace. Nader, without consulting anyone in Parsa, accepted, and also forced the German's into
a number of trade deals that favoured Persia.
The peace treaty with Germany
Nader returned triumphantly to Parsa, with the news going out that the Germans had become his vassals. Even though he was not yet a formally recognised leader, it was agrred by all that it would be foolish to deny that he was the only one who could possibly occupy the throne. Thus,
he was acclaimed the next Shah by the Qizilbash faction, who had regained their supreme influence due to Nader's victory and due to the public remembering, through China's war declaration, the Qizilbash's role in Persia's ascendance in decades gone by.
Nader Shah's Revolution
Nader Shah had a surprise in store for his backers, however. He immediately launched reforms against many of the vested interests in Parsa and around the empire, including those privileges and offices of influence held by the Qizilbash. His reforms were drastic, and while he had many supporters, faction was set against faction for a chaotic period of six years.
First, in place of hereditary rights, he instituted a representative body of local leaders who would elect their shah (although only Nader was on the first ballot). Second, he abolished slavery of the lower classes and prisoners of war. Third, he enacted a series of laws that broke up the monopolies and the powerful Armuzan merchants' guilds, and replaced them with regulations which guarded free competition in the marketplace. Finally, and the most explosive, he disposed Christianity from its place as the empire's official region, a role it had had for 760 years, decreeing that all of Persia's diverse religions had equal standing in the law.
One consequence of Nader Shah's treaty with the Germans had been overlooked in the euphoria of his return to Parsa. In taking Germany as a vassal,
Persia was now locked into conflict with two major powers - the old enemy Arabia, and Japan - and with their vassals - Azteca, Carthage, and Egypt. In addition to the ongoing war with Turkey, new hostilities with China and Mongolia, and a state of anarchy in the empire itself, Nader Shah (who at least had the loyalty of the army) would have to act wisely to protect his sprawling and tumultous empire.
As Nader Shah met with his advisors on 1 Farvardin 1731 AD, the first report was from his Health Minister:
the Scandanavian plague had become an epidemic in Luoyang.
Persia's wars in 1730