In my opinion a very important of the reasons of Russia's historical backwardness is the long term reliance on serfdom (pretty much systematic slavery) .
Serfdom was officially abolished in 1861, until that time the greatest part of Russian population was bind to their village with no prospect, and no real property.
In this conditions agricoltural production is extremely inefficient with workers stimulated to do the minimum necessary and produce minimal to no surplus.
Minimal surplus means as well a minimal number of people that can work on services, commerce, industry, etc.
Imperial Russia was a land of peasants, which made up at least 80% of the population. There were two main categories of peasants, those living on state lands and those living on the land of private landowners. Only the latter were serfs. As well as having obligations to the state, they also were obliged to the landowner, who had great power over their lives. By the mid-nineteenth century, less than half of Russian peasants were serfs.
For example the renaissance in western Europe was possible because of efficient agricolture that gave surplus of food.
That allowed a large group of free people to engage in economic activities and industry.
Later on schools, universities, etc. improved even more the productivity of west-European countries.
In Russia, greatest part of the pupulation could not even leave their own village, had no right to start their own enterprise: for centuries the development of Russia was fuelled by only a minority of its population, while other European countries could count on a much larger share of their pupulation freed from serfdom and freed from subsistence agricolture.
Even when in 1861 serfdom was abolished, it was not a gradual process like in the rest of Europe but a traumatic event that creted huge problems.