Science questions not worth a thread I: I'm a moron!

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I would expect that an accurate physical model of lightning is actually a very hard problem. It's impossible to simulate directly, so you need to find an easier model. But I don't think things like magnetohydrodynamics are going to work, because it is a highly dynamical process.

A phenomenological model like a random walk might produce a plausible result, but it wouldn't be very accurate. I don't know in what way it is supposed to be accurate, though.
 
Photorealistic? I'm thinking like what you see in pictures or home videos. Or what you see with the naked ey when looking at a real storm?
 
Which cannot be because such large retrograde objects will not exist during LHB

What impact on the Earth scarred the Moon ~4bya?

The amount of mass requirement I calculated earlier is in completely unrealistic conditions, assuming the impact is a head on collision with a retrograde object (be it a grain of sand or a planetesimal), in order to showcase how absurd everything needs to be in order for that to happen. More realistic conditions, such as absorbing orbitally decaying retrograde objects on their way into the solar system will have a much more stringent mass requirement.

You're assuming only prograde asteroids were flying around in the LHB, thats not what hit the Earth to cause the Moon's maria.

No, because the larger the impact, the closer it is resembling a Holman transfer orbit, which will produce a more and more elliptical orbit, magnifying the problem of an increasingly elliptical orbit being more prone to disruption.

Only small objects can work, and if the density were that high of small objects, it will still be in the planetary accretion phase where the majority are moving in a prograde direction, or it is in a Hollywood movie.

Do you mean a Hohmann Transfer Orbit? That deals with spacecraft maneuvering. Can you explain how that works with planetary collisions?

Ignoring that the physics is even more hideously impossible for that because after a certain threshold is reached, asteroid impacts cannot be moving fast enough to reduce the mass of an object compared with the mass they introduce into the system, you would need preferentially shed prograde angular momentum, rather than shedding angular momentum opposite the direction of impact, ie isotropically.

I'm not talking about prograde asteroids, but Moon+ sized retrograde object(s).

By the way, the Earth is sufficiently massive that in order to destroy it with a retrograde impact, you need to throw a mass 8 times its mass at it. Which in turn is sufficiently massive to accrete the Earth

The Earth cant be destroyed by an impact, only absorbed? Can it shed enough mass to lose angular momentum?


Ruled out for aforementioned reasons. Impossible for an object that large to make it to the LHB period. Also, if it were highly inclined, it will add almost no retrograde momentum regardless of speed and mass of impact.

I'm thinking ~30 degrees

This is Late Heavy Bombardment, not Planetary Formation by Accretion part II. The planets are already mostly formed, and their orbits are now in the process of stabilizing.

How did an asteroid hitting the Earth ~4 bya send asteroid sized chunks of crust and mantle into the Moon?

Ignoring how you now are attempting to introduce almost untestable solutions by introducing supernovae to try and solve your problem, you don't understand how shocks work, do you? The shock is the material, and no, it does not contain much angular momentum because the mass contained in the cross section swept out by the Earth is tiny.

"Shocks" precludes a large object entering our system 4 bya? I dont know that the debris came from a supernova, or was in orbit around a star that blew up, or just a loose planet.


I am not saying they never happened in the distant past. I am saying that because they precess, you cannot say they have a connection, otherwise you have to justify why we are at a precise integer precession.

do you have a link for a precise integer precession?
 
What impact on the Earth scarred the Moon ~4bya?
Why can't a prograde motion asteroid do this?

Just checking, you do know that the Earth and the moon rotate, right? So you can't just say there are impacts on one particular side of the moon that happens to be facing toward the direction of motion, right?

You're assuming only prograde asteroids were flying around in the LHB, thats not what hit the Earth to cause the Moon's maria.
Citation needed.

Like, to a journal article, not a popular science magazine. That is an incredible claim that only someone who doesn't understand physics will make, or has very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very good reasons that will revolutionize physics as we know it.

Do you mean a Hohmann Transfer Orbit? That deals with spacecraft maneuvering. Can you explain how that works with planetary collisions?
The Hohmann transfer orbit is firing the engines twice to change orbit from a lower to a higher, or a higher to a lower orbit. Once to produce the thrust to get into an elliptical orbit tangent to both the target orbit and current orbit, and once more to circularize the orbit.

Large collisions would appear closer and closer to this because of the large momentum transfers at each collisions, and thus you will have a Mars-crossing Earth orbit if your situation is to happen, which will no doubt de-stabilize Mars' orbit within a few decades (not billion years, not million, not thousand, and not hundred. 10s of years). The only possible way is gradual accretion, which is already ruled out because of lack of retrograde material.

I'm not talking about prograde asteroids, but Moon+ sized retrograde object(s).
Which do not exist because of their highly unstable orbits (retrograde motion is more and more unstable during denser and denser locations) de-orbiting them during planetary accretion. You will have almost none left during Late Heavy Bombardment.

The Earth cant be destroyed by an impact, only absorbed? Can it shed enough mass to lose angular momentum?
No. The velocity differences of asteroid-Earth collisions simply is not great enough to allow the Earth to lose mass in collisions.

I'm thinking ~30 degrees
Then you need twice the mass to deliver the required retrograde momentum. So implying that the Earth formed at 20% of its current mass and then absorbed retrograde mass and sank into its current orbit. The greater the inclination, the more mass you need, as it provides less and less retrograde momentum.

You are as far away from "formed in the asteroid belt" as you can get. That 40% is a minimum mass, not maximum mass.

How did an asteroid hitting the Earth ~4 bya send asteroid sized chunks of crust and mantle into the Moon?
Physical size vs mass is different. An asteroid hitting earth would cause the Earth to gain much more mass overall than it releases, so there is a net gain in mass. Earth will not lose mass that easily.


"Shocks" precludes a large object entering our system 4 bya? I dont know that the debris came from a supernova, or was in orbit around a star that blew up, or just a loose planet.
So, if this is the case, let's revisit your pet theory. Would not this imply a significant chemical dissimilarity between the rest of the solar system and the Earth? Clearly, extra-solar material being thrown onto the Earth would mean a completely alien composition.

Why argue that the Earth formed in the Asteroid belt anymore? Why not just argue that it formed outside the solar system, and was captured by the sun? That's far more likely than an object pin-point targeting proto-Earth of less than 20% the current mass of Earth, from outside the solar system and striking in just the right way to cancel out enough angular momentum to sink it into a 1AU to 3 AU elliptical orbit, which is quickly struck by a large impact coming from the opposite direction from the Z axis (defined as the rotation axis of the sun perpendicular to the ecliptic) to cancel out the Z axis velocity and to circularize the orbit before it can destabilize Mars' orbit, or be disrupted by Jupiter?


do you have a link for a precise integer precession?

Yes. You. You are stating that this is the case earlier.

I am saying that this is absurd as to claim that there is a special connection without physically justifying it.

Let me try it again. This July 1st was a Monday. So does this mean that this is proof that the very first July 1st in human history is also a Monday? This is using your logic on orbital precession and rotational precession, but being very generous as you only need to fit 2 unrelated cycles, not 4.

It is up to you to prove why there would be an integer number of precessions, in addition to proving a mechanic as to how Saturn could have "spat out" Pluto, and as to what caused Pluto's orbit to re-circularize (sorta), and to reconcile that with the fact that it has young rings and much much more problems that I haven't mentioned yet.



Please, go hire a physics tutor if you want help with your high school (or middle school? It's been a while, and I don't know the curriculum at your place) physics class. You don't need to go through this convoluted way at trying to convince people you don't understand basic physics with these claims. You'll learn a lot more of physics and in greater detail and much more relevant to your studies than convolutedly asking about momentum questions to get a lesson on momentum. Try someone who is taking a calculus based high school physics class, or even a classmate who isn't failing. They usually aren't too expensive at the high school level, and can clear up a lot of the confusion you may have.
 
Hi guys. I need an electrical engineer, I'm having problems understanding rotating magnetic fields and induction motors.

First, let me preface by saying that I don't understand calculus, so explanations involving it will be of no use to me.

Alright. So, you have the stator at the center, creating a magnetic field, which rotates. What causes the rotation in the field? What creates the field? Is current run through a wire inside the stator?

If I understand correctly, the rotating magnetic field interacts with the rotors around the stator, which induces current in them, which creates another magnetic field. When the stator and rotor spin at different speeds, then the magnetic fields interact in such a way that induces motion in the rotor. Is this so?

Next question. I don't understand how slip works. Why is a difference in speed between the rotor and stator's current possible, when it reaches maximum speed? Or is this only intended to be applied with a load already on the motor, such that it has to "work" to try and get there?

Is slip simply a measure of torque or potential torque?

If I understand correctly, pushing the rotor to go faster than the stator's magnetic field creates negative slip, which reverses the flow of power back into the machine, which can then be used to generate electricity. This is done primarily by a turbine of some sort, as in a hydroelectric plant?

Thanks for the help!
 
Hi guys. I need an electrical engineer, I'm having problems understanding rotating magnetic fields and induction motors.

First, let me preface by saying that I don't understand calculus, so explanations involving it will be of no use to me.

Alright. So, you have the stator at the center, creating a magnetic field, which rotates. What causes the rotation in the field? What creates the field? Is current run through a wire inside the stator?

If I understand correctly, the rotating magnetic field interacts with the rotors around the stator, which induces current in them, which creates another magnetic field. When the stator and rotor spin at different speeds, then the magnetic fields interact in such a way that induces motion in the rotor. Is this so?

Next question. I don't understand how slip works. Why is a difference in speed between the rotor and stator's current possible, when it reaches maximum speed? Or is this only intended to be applied with a load already on the motor, such that it has to "work" to try and get there?

Is slip simply a measure of torque or potential torque?

If I understand correctly, pushing the rotor to go faster than the stator's magnetic field creates negative slip, which reverses the flow of power back into the machine, which can then be used to generate electricity. This is done primarily by a turbine of some sort, as in a hydroelectric plant?

Thanks for the help!
]Yes a stator contains electro magnets, which are powered up and down in such a way that the net effect is a rotating field. The rotating field create a current in the rotor, which creates a magnetic field, which tries to line up with the stator field. When the difference is small, the induced current is small, when the difference is big, the induced current is big. When the difference is zero, there is no induced current, so the rotor slows down to just bellow the stator's field's rotation speed.

When a load is applied, the rotor is slowed below the rotation speed of the stator's field, so induction kicks, generating torque in the direction of the motor. This is balanced by the torque of the load, so the motors speed is constant for a constant load, but it's less than the speed of the stator field. Slip is the difference in these two speeds.

Whether the stator is inside the rotor, or outside is not fundamental to the type of motor. Either is possible.
 
I should know this, but I don't. :hammer2:

How do I calculate the maximum stable orbit for a planet around a single star in a wide binary, such as Alpha Centauri, around either component?
 
Will frozen mercury burn skin? If so, what sort of "burns" would you expect? What kind of damage to your skin will it do?
 
I would expect yes, and that it will give similar results as similar very cold things. What would be special about mercury?
 
I don't know! Not a trick question, just saw an episode of Jonathan Creek that featured frozen mercury in it.
 
Will frozen mercury burn skin? If so, what sort of "burns" would you expect? What kind of damage to your skin will it do?

An ordinary metal at -40°C will probably not give you burns immediately, but you'd have a good chance to get stuck if you touch it with the bare skin and then you will get burns anyway. This should not happen with mercury because it would melt on contact. It will probably be as pleasant as touching a spoon that was heated by boiling water. The temperature gradient is the same. You won't get real burns, but you will feel pain.
 
Mercury is also poisonous by touch, so you'd probably get something else unpleasantly wrong with you as well.
 
Mercury is also poisonous by touch, so you'd probably get something else unpleasantly wrong with you as well.

Solid and liquid mercury is poorly absorbed by ingestion and skin contact. It is hazardous due to its potential to release mercury vapor.
 
Well, there you go. It's still unpleasant.
 
The silence in this forum makes me think the threads should be merged into OT with RD tags.
 
I don't have a problem with that. this could be an archive once the heat dissipates.
 
Yeah, or maybe an OP can ask a thread be moved from OT to here once it's had its run?

I don't have a problem with that. this could be an archive once the heat dissipates.

Probably the best of both worlds. I would prefer being able to see science/tech threads in OT rather than in here, but I would prefer to continue reading/discussing at a slower pace than OT will allow, once the initial flurry of interest dies down.
 
I've certainly started threads in OT, just to get more interest. You'll see that these threads get a lot of views, but not many comments.
 
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