Terrorism History Quiz

[SSK]

Originally posted by catullus
I've read some of it both in Latin and translated form.
You have sung from Orff's Catulli Carmina then? Odi et amo...

Nope. Actually I sang a group of 3 poems by Catullus, as set by the obscure contemporary American composer John Biggs. I think he lives on the west coast.

Re: Michael Collins. Cool! Nice to know listening to Jethro Tull is worth something. Vrylakas, do you have any clue what the text of the song is about? I have no idea who Collins targeted other than the Protestants and Brits, in fact I never heard of him outside the Tull song until now.

Originally posted by catullus My first real memories of things in the news are connected with two cities: München and Lillehammer. Both are connected with terrorist acts, one by a Palestinian squad, the other by an Israeli team.
[/B]

Thanks for shedding light on this Catullus and Eli. I had totally forgotten about it. I read a really good book on the Mossad in the '90s that chronicled their rise and fall. Apparently, these days they've become relatively inept and corrupt, with individual agents privately contracting their services to South American dictators and such.

 

[Eli]

ZOG disinformation at it's best.

 

[Vrylakas]

SSK wrote: Re: Michael Collins. Cool! Nice to know listening to Jethro Tull is worth something. Vrylakas, do you have any clue what the text of the song is about? I have no idea who Collins targeted other than the Protestants and Brits, in fact I never heard of him outside the Tull song until now.

1. No, I'm not sure exactly what the song is about. Jethro Tull had a strange sense of humor so sometimes it's hard to tell whether they're being serious or screwing around.

I've since found a clue, however:

16. Who is "Jeffrey," mentioned in several Tull song titles such as "A Song For Jeffrey"?
It may well be Jeffrey Hammond, an old friend of Ian's who played bass with Tull from 1971-1975. Jeffrey himself is unsure: when asked how it felt having songs written for him, he replied, "I'm not sure whether those songs were for me as it were; it was probably just a name, you know." [6]

17. Isn't his name Jeffrey Hammond-Hammond?
No. Jeffrey says, "my real name is Jeffrey Hammond. When I joined Jethro Tull, Ian suggested Hammond-Hammond, and I must admit I liked the idea. It is actually not too much of an affectation because my mother was called Hammond before she married my father. People had the habit, especially Americans, of calling me Hammond-Hammond rather than Jeffrey, which I rather liked. Of course, I gave it up when I left Tull and reverted to a singular Hammond." [7]

(I found this on a Tull fan website, here.)

2. OK, some progress here: Yes, one of the two groups was indeed the Brits. That was the obvious one. Collins targeted and assassinated several British officials and soldiers. Like all effective terrorist groups, however, Collins realized that to really work he had to target a second group of people (even moreso than the British), in order to sort of starve the British out. Guess?

 

[catullus]

Originally posted by Vrylakas

Also, I see no one ever answered # 2 - which I thought would be an easy one, especially given the amount of folks on these threads claiming a socialist persuasion. Mikhail Bakunin however was not a socialist, though hes a critical figure for the earliest socialists, especially Marx and Engels. Guesses?

You mean just WHO Bakunin was? I thought everyone knew that. Absolutely a socialist, but choosing a different road than the two mainstream factions of social democracy and communism, namely anarchism. I even has one of his books lying around here someplace, I think.
What made him so inspirational, I really don't know. He never contributed in or advocated terrorist actions himself, AFAIK. May just be an ordinary false conclusion:
Many who call themselves anarchists throw bombs. Bakunin calls himself an anarchist. So Bakunin throws bombs.

Simon Darkshade

BTW: Baader and Meinhof committed suicide in prison following the GSG9/SAS storming of a hijacked aircraft in Mogadishu, which was basically their last card, apart from the kidnapped Hans Martin Schleyer, who was killed. They were not executed, as the other chap thought.

That's what they want you to think.
How could three people in the strictest maximum security prison kill themself the same night, the very same night a rescue operation was stopped? They were allowed no contact with each other, and no contact with the outside world. Two of men used a gun (one gun each!) to do it. Fishy.
Policy says one of the prisoners had a radio to hear the news, and that the prisoners had made their own local-net phone system between the cells. Sure. And the guns just happened to be lying around, right? The bodies weren't found before the next morning. Because the prison guards were deaf, I guess, didn't hear the four bullets being fired?
They were useless scumbags, all right. But a civilized state, a democracy, has no right outside in combat situations to kill people without a trial and sentence, not even useless scumbags.


C.

 

[Vrylakas]

Catullus wrote: You mean just WHO Bakunin was? I thought everyone knew that. Absolutely a socialist, but choosing a different road than the two mainstream factions of social democracy and communism, namely anarchism. I even has one of his books lying around here someplace, I think.
What made him so inspirational, I really don't know. He never contributed in or advocated terrorist actions himself, AFAIK. May just be an ordinary false conclusion:
Many who call themselves anarchists throw bombs. Bakunin calls himself an anarchist. So Bakunin throws bombs.

You got it Catullus, though he was somewhat more involved than you think. He advocated violent revolution to overthrow society, and participated in the 1848 revolution in Paris, then Saxony (spending a decade in Russian fortress prisons for his trouble). Bakunin was among a small group of radicals who fomented the idea of a violent revolution that would sweep away all of society's troubles, and this idea caught on with all radical groups throughout Europe. Bakunin didn't advocate throwing bombs at innocent civilians per se, but he did advocate assassinations of political leaders and if some civilians accidentally got in the way? - well, Bakunin was a "you have to crack some eggs to make an omelette" - type of guy. Bakunin was ultimately a gentleman and an intellectual, not a Che Guevara, but he laid the philosophical foundations for political violence in Europe.

 

[Vrylakas]

Vrylakas wrote: 2. OK, some progress here: Yes, one of the two groups was indeed the Brits. That was the obvious one. Collins targeted and assassinated several British officials and soldiers. Like all effective terrorist groups, however, Collins realized that to really work he had to target a second group of people (even moreso than the British), in order to sort of starve the British out. Guess?

No takers on this one? We're sliding rapidly down the list here so I'll spill on this one: Michael Collins realized that while any good terrorist organization in Ireland would of course have to target the British (which they did), they would also have to focus on any Irish who in any way, no matter how big or small, helped or aided the British in Ireland. Maids, servants, constables, restaurant owners, etc. - anyone who made the British feel comfortable or welcome in Ireland were threatened, sometimes mutilated, and yes sometimes killed. It was chilling in its effectiveness, because it pressured such Irish unfortunate enough to be in exposed positions to either collaborate with the IRA (risking discovery & capture by the British) or murder at the hands of their fellow Irishmen in the IRA. Nice. But it did work, and Churchill is known to have thought of Collins as an animal.

This is how most terrorist organizations work; often being more brutal to their own peoples than to the supposed enemy.

Thanks for all who took part!

 

[andystreet]

Michael Collins is a good example of one of the terrorists who is thought of as a hero by certain groups of people, and even glorified by Hollywood. People like devalera are often vilified or at best ignored. It is a fact that though many people may deplore the current acts of the IRA, their early period is often supported by many people (especially the huge amount of people who think they are Irish because their grandad once ate a potato but actually know nothing about Irish culture or history.)

 

[Vrylakas]

Andystreet wrote: Michael Collins is a good example of one of the terrorists who is thought of as a hero by certain groups of people, and even glorified by Hollywood. People like devalera are often vilified or at best ignored. It is a fact that though many people may deplore the current acts of the IRA, their early period is often supported by many people (especially the huge amount of people who think they are Irish because their grandad once ate a potato but actually know nothing about Irish culture or history.)

Exactly my point with this quiz, Andystreet. Thanks for the input. Terrorists who support popular causes are often given moral, or even material support by some group. Lebanon looks upon Hezbollah as a beneficial charity organization that helped drive the Israelis out of Lebanon, without acknowledging that Hezbollah is an entirely foreign (Iranian)-funded group that administers and rules the southern half of Lebanon, and whose members participated in the 1970s civil war and attacks on Israel that sparked the Syrian and Israeli invasions in the first place. The IRA received substantial portions of its budget from donations by wealthy Irish-Americans in Boston and New York. Polish children learn approvingly of Jozef Pilsudski's bank robberies and bombing attacks in Russia in the first decade of the 20th century. Until terrorism as a method is universally condemned, regardless of the specific causes and goals terrorists claim to be fighting for, we will be stuck with with many more innocent deaths.

 

[Evie]

Problem is, how do you define terrorism?

Is it an illegal group taking actions against a country that involve violence and explosives?

Congratulation, Using that definition you just lumped the American revolutionary, French Resistance, etc... among terrorists.

Is it a group or force that use the threat of killing and destruction (or actually kill and destroy) or other kind of hurtful reprisal (such as starving the country) to force countries to do what they want?

Then Al Qaeda is nothing in comparison to the US Military. Sharon is no better if not worst than Arafat. I could go on.

How do you propose to define terrorism so that we can all agree that it needs to be condemned?

 

[Vrylakas]

Oda Nobunaga wrote: Problem is, how do you define terrorism?

Is it an illegal group taking actions against a country that involve violence and explosives?

Congratulation, Using that definition you just lumped the American revolutionary, French Resistance, etc... among terrorists.

Is it a group or force that use the threat of killing and destruction (or actually kill and destroy) or other kind of hurtful reprisal (such as starving the country) to force countries to do what they want?

Then Al Qaeda is nothing in comparison to the US Military. Sharon is no better if not worst than Arafat. I could go on.

How do you propose to define terrorism so that we can all agree that it needs to be condemned?

Here's a quote from my intro to this thread, which I'm presuming you didn't read:

As several discussions here and elsewhere have shown, however, finding a universal definition of terrorism is very difficult.

Because it's difficult however does not mean we shouldn't try. I think a good place to start in any definition of terrorism would be an armed action whose primary targets are civilians or politicians (i.e., non-military personnel). Even this definition doesn't completely hold because in 20th century warfare the production centers of an enemy state became legitimate targets; but an international definition is still needed. No, we will never find an absolute answer on which everyone agrees - there are still some people today who think Hitler and Stalin were good dictators, after all - but there can be a general international consensus that says bombing planes, hotels and other civilian targets - regardless of the "righteousness" of the cause - is wrong and illegal, and subject to sanction.

 

[damunzy]

Thinking on the definition of terrorism:
"An armed action whose primary targets are civilians or politicians. "

According to www.dictionary.com Terrorism is defined as:
terrorism:
1. The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons.
2. The act of terrorizing, or state of being terrorized; a mode of government by terror or intimidation.
3. the systematic use of violence as a means to intimidate or coerce societies or governments.

Looking at those definitions then what the US is doing is not defined as terrorism, but as waging war:
war:
1. A contest between nations or states, carried on by force, whether for defence, for revenging insults and redressing wrongs, for the extension of commerce, for the acquisition of territory, for obtaining and establishing the superiority and dominion of one over the other, or for any other purpose; armed conflict of sovereign powers; declared and open hostilities.

Dictionary.com is owned by Lexico LLC, which is a company based out of Los Angeles, California, USA.

I like the first definition of terrorism and think it is the most valid as to the context of this thread.

 

[Evie]

1. The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons.

So if a guy's goal was not to intimidate or coerce but simply to kill people belonging to a specific group just for the sake of killing them, or for revenge, or some such, he wouldn't be a terrorist?

And here I thought Bin Laden was attacking the US of A without making any kind of demand just because he hated your guts. Must be another reason, since everyone define him as a terrorist leader.

 

[damunzy]

Originally posted by Oda Nobunaga
1. The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons.

So if a guy's goal was not to intimidate or coerce but simply to kill people belonging to a specific group just for the sake of killing them, or for revenge, or some such, he wouldn't be a terrorist?

And here I thought Bin Laden was attacking the US of A without making any kind of demand just because he hated your guts. Must be another reason, since everyone define him as a terrorist leader.

There I highlighted the keyword for you. Killing is violence. Maiming someone with a car bomb, is violence. Did you just not get that part or are you trying to be a pain in the butt? You seem to come in here more for causing an arguement then to have a discussion.

Osama has made demands before, he told USA to get out of the Middle East (not his exact words, but basically what he said). The fact that he has said nothing about his most recent alleged bit of terrorism makes it no less of a terrorist attack.

 

[animepornstar]

according to www.dictionary.com so was the nato bombings of yugoslavia and kosovo terrorism, or am i missunderstanding it?

my definition of terrorism would be more like: using force and/or violence against civilians to spread fear and by that way gain advantages.

 

[Evie]

Originally posted by PaleHorse76


There I highlighted the keyword for you. Killing is violence. Maiming someone with a car bomb, is violence. Did you just not get that part or are you trying to be a pain in the butt? You seem to come in here more for causing an arguement then to have a discussion.

Osama has made demands before, he told USA to get out of the Middle East (not his exact words, but basically what he said). The fact that he has said nothing about his most recent alleged bit of terrorism makes it no less of a terrorist attack.

No, I pointed out that all those wild claims of "Al Qaeda attacks the US of A because they hate our way of life and the fact that we're free" we've been fed with lately didn't work too well with the "intention to coerce" part of the definition you pointed out.

I can question what you bring up without being here to be a pain in the butt, you know.

The definition of terrorism you pointed out is pretty good, and I don't know why you are highlighting "violence". I only pointed out for the records that the "official" goals of Bin Laden and co people have been bringing up again and again (and being offmark about it) didn't fit in.

 

[damunzy]

Originally posted by Oda Nobunaga
No, I pointed out that all those wild claims of "Al Qaeda attacks the US of A because they hate our way of life and the fact that we're free" we've been fed with lately didn't work too well with the "intention to coerce" part of the definition you pointed out.

The magical part of the sentence would be "often for ideological or political reasons". So if a guy's goal was not to intimidate or coerce but simply to kill people belonging to a specific group just for the sake of killing them, or for revenge, or some such then you need to figure out why he wants to kill them. Osama wants to kill Americans for what they have done to his country. He has said that he will be happy once the Americans are gone. So his purpose is to get America out and he does this by attacking American civilians, since:
He is attacking for ideological (get American's out) + he is attacking civilians (Sept 11th plus more) = Terrorist

Originally posted by Oda Nobunaga
I can question what you bring up without being here to be a pain in the butt, you know.

It just seems to me that the definition covers the actions that Al Qaeda and that you are trying to twist the words. If this is not so, then let me apologize. I will try hard to explain my point. Maybe we should both state what we think is Osama bin Laden's and Al Qaeda's purpose, and then going by the definition that I have given for terrorist we try to see how it applies for these two.

Originally posted by Oda Nobunaga
The definition of terrorism you pointed out is pretty good, and I don't know why you are highlighting "violence". I only pointed out for the records that the "official" goals of Bin Laden and co people have been bringing up again and again (and being offmark about it) didn't fit in.

As far as I know the Al Qaeda's (did I just say "the the base's"?) purpose is to get foreigners out of what we in the USA call the Middle East. The September 11th attacks although huge are just some of the attacks they have made trying to realize this goal.

So, I believe that Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden's purpose is to "Remove foreigners from Middle Eastern soil, by any means necessary." Maybe I should leave off the by any means necessary and look at their actions seperately......What do you think, Oda, is their purpose?

BTW, I like the name Oda. Reminds me of the games for Nintendo.

 

[Evie]

Oh, we are agreed on the Al Qaeda purpose matter. What I was trying to point out was how the "official fiction" of many american sources that Al Qaeda wanted to kill americans simply because they hated american freedom was not an attempt to coerce and thus not terrorism by your definition, which is quite ironic for a war against terrorism.

As for Oda, the name is that of a Japanesse warlord of the late 16th century. Along with Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he did a lot of the reunification job Tokugawa Ieyasu (the third muskeeter, so to speak) usually get credited with ;-)

 

[damunzy]

continueing with the Oda sotry....Oda developing rifles (or at least being the one to see their potential in battle before anyone else) is the story that most of the Koei games tell, minus the supernatural stuff that they throw in there to spice it up
I am a Takeda man myself. Shingen Takeda from the game Shingen the Ruler by HotOne (I think that it the company name, it had been over 10 years sinze I played so don't hold me to it!) is when I first got interested in Japanese history. Then it lead to Chinese history when I played all the Romance of the Three Kingdom games.


Back on-kinda-topic: The American sources you are refering to, are they Media or Government figures. If they are Government figures are they making official statements or are they leaking info to the Media? I look down on the leakers......I have worked in an enviroment (the Army) where you just don't go talking to everyone that you meet about what you are doing, how many people you are doing it with (no, not talking about sex!), etc., so when I hear about loose lips in the Pentagon, D.C., etc., it makes me sick. Also, if it is the American gov't that is leaking this information or making these statements it could be to dehumanize Osama so it becomes easier to compel everyone to further our search for him. That is a valid propganda tactic that has been used for years (look at what they said about Hitler and likeing little kids and such).

 

[allhailIndia]

1. In June 1946, who detonated a bomb in the Star of David Hotel, killing many more civilians than the targetted military personnel?

2. What made Mikhail Bakunin so inspirational to so many?

3. On 18. September 1931, a small bomb exploded at the South Manchuria Railway Station. Who put it there, and what were the consequences?
Was it Mao ??

4. Michael Collins and his "Squad" committed some particularly heinous acts; what two groups suffered Collins' wrath?

5. In the 1970s and 80s, a group calling itself "Asala" had a hobby of assassinating Turkish diplomats and blowing up Turkish embassies across Europe and even once in Ottawa, Canada. Who and what was this group?

6. What is the significance of both Deir Yassin and Kfar Etzion?

7. When the first post-communist government took office in Hungary in 1990, one of its first acts was to quietly ask a "guest" of the previous regime to leave the country. Unfortunately, this resulted in an embarrassing shoot-out in Budapest's riverfront tourist district. However, the "guest" did eventually take the hint and leave, departing for Sudan where he later was arrested by French agents. Who was this "guest"?
Carlos the Jackal(good question)
8. In 1970s and early 80s West Germany, a group of German radical youths decried what they saw as the white-washing of the country's Nazi past and their parents' comfortable lifestyles so they led a campaign of bombings, assassinations and kidnappings (culminating especially in 1978-79) across Germany. Who were they?
Baader Meinhof or something like that

9. On 31. October 1984, Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi was gunned down by members of her own body guard. What group did they represent?
They represented the Khalistan separatists

10. North Korea and Libya were among the known sponsors for the particularly violent terrorist group Nippon Sekigun. What country did they operate in?

Japan
11. This country has infiltrated assassination squads and insurgency commandos into its southern neighbor repeatedly, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of civilians since 1968. Most notoriously, it put a bomb on a flight from Abu Dabhi to its southern neighbor in 1987, killing all on board. What country is this?

North Korea
12. What was the single deadliest act of terrorism on Japanese soil in the 20th century?

The gassing of the Tokyo Subway by the members of Aum Shirinkyo

13. The Wall Street Journal in today's issue (Thursday, 10. January) ran an article in the Op-Ed page by Ion Mihai Pacepa, the former head of communist Romania's intelligence service in the 1970s. In the article, Pacepa discusses how he met with and was a part of the extensive training program for a world famous terrorist, and how Pacepa was surprised at this person's brutal and empty conscience. Who was he talking about?
Osama Bin Laden?

14. The recent war in Afghanistan has sparked a round of terrorist bombings in China's Xinjiang province. What ethnic group is likely behind these bombings?

The UIghurs
15. The Roman province of Aquitania had a problem with native terrorists that has never quite gone away, 2000 years later. What modern country is currently struggling with the ancient Aquitania terrorist problem?

Spain
16. IMRO (or "VMRO" by its native acronym) attempted to attach what region to what country through terrorism, most infamously assassinating the Yugoslav King Alexander while he was on a state visit to Marsailles, France in October 1934?

17. What country's southern islands does the terrorist group Abu Sayyaf want to detach and declare an Islamic state in?
Phillippines

18. What country has suffered terrorist attacks from a group called "17. November", to date killing 22 and wounding 70? Though many of the leaders of this group are quite famous, not a single member has ever been convicted.

19. In late spring 1993, a group led a bombing campaign across Italy, intentionally targeting cultural and historical sites. Who was it?

20. On 28. December 1985, a combined Palestinian organization and the Abu Nidal Group (with Libyan backing) carried out one of the most spectacular terrorist attacks in modern European history. What and where was it?
THe Lockerbie Bombing??

21. What anti-technology terrorist led a crude bombing campaign across the United States from 1979 until he was caught in 1998, turned in by his estranged brother?

 

[Vrylakas]

So this quiz still breathes, even though there are several other excellent quizzes on this forum. Thanks for taking a crack AllhailIndia! (Subtle name, BTW...)

AllhailIndia wrote:

1. In June 1946, who detonated a bomb in the Star of David Hotel, killing many more civilians than the targetted military personnel?

2. What made Mikhail Bakunin so inspirational to so many?

3. On 18. September 1931, a small bomb exploded at the South Manchuria Railway Station. Who put it there, and what were the consequences?

Was it Mao ??

No. The Japanese ("Kwantung") Army, which wanted a pretense to occupy Manchuria. Even the Japanese government didn't know.

4. Michael Collins and his "Squad" committed some particularly heinous acts; what two groups suffered Collins' wrath?

5. In the 1970s and 80s, a group calling itself "Asala" had a hobby of assassinating Turkish diplomats and blowing up Turkish embassies across Europe and even once in Ottawa, Canada. Who and what was this group?

6. What is the significance of both Deir Yassin and Kfar Etzion?

7. When the first post-communist government took office in Hungary in 1990, one of its first acts was to quietly ask a "guest" of the previous regime to leave the country. Unfortunately, this resulted in an embarrassing shoot-out in Budapest's riverfront tourist district. However, the "guest" did eventually take the hint and leave, departing for Sudan where he later was arrested by French agents. Who was this "guest"?

Carlos the Jackal(good question)

Yes! It was Carlos. Didn't I read recently that he's getting married now to his lawyer?

8. In 1970s and early 80s West Germany, a group of German radical youths decried what they saw as the white-washing of the country's Nazi past and their parents' comfortable lifestyles so they led a campaign of bombings, assassinations and kidnappings (culminating especially in 1978-79) across Germany. Who were they?

Baader Meinhof or something like that

Yes!

9. On 31. October 1984, Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi was gunned down by members of her own body guard. What group did they represent?

They represented the Khalistan separatists

Yes! Though I suppose you would know this one, wouldn't you...?

10. North Korea and Libya were among the known sponsors for the particularly violent terrorist group Nippon Sekigun. What country did they operate in?

Japan

Yes!

11. This country has infiltrated assassination squads and insurgency commandos into its southern neighbor repeatedly, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of civilians since 1968. Most notoriously, it put a bomb on a flight from Abu Dabhi to its southern neighbor in 1987, killing all on board. What country is this?

North Korea

Yes!

12. What was the single deadliest act of terrorism on Japanese soil in the 20th century?

The gassing of the Tokyo Subway by the members of Aum Shirinkyo

Yes!

13. The Wall Street Journal in today's issue (Thursday, 10. January) ran an article in the Op-Ed page by Ion Mihai Pacepa, the former head of communist Romania's intelligence service in the 1970s. In the article, Pacepa discusses how he met with and was a part of the extensive training program for a world famous terrorist, and how Pacepa was surprised at this person's brutal and empty conscience. Who was he talking about?

Osama Bin Laden?

Osama was still staining his family's very expensive diapers when this person was being trained in Romania. The correct answer was Yassir Arafat.

14. The recent war in Afghanistan has sparked a round of terrorist bombings in China's Xinjiang province. What ethnic group is likely behind these bombings?

The UIghurs

Yes! Beijing has since proclaimed that the Uighur separatists are officially connected to al Queda, a rather convenient "discovery"..

15. The Roman province of Aquitania had a problem with native terrorists that has never quite gone away, 2000 years later. What modern country is currently struggling with the ancient Aquitania terrorist problem?

Spain

Yes! The Basquelands in Spain have a long history of rebellion and terrorism.

16. IMRO (or "VMRO" by its native acronym) attempted to attach what region to what country through terrorism, most infamously assassinating the Yugoslav King Alexander while he was on a state visit to Marsailles, France in October 1934?

17. What country's southern islands does the terrorist group Abu Sayyaf want to detach and declare an Islamic state in?

Phillippines

Yes!

18. What country has suffered terrorist attacks from a group called "17. November", to date killing 22 and wounding 70? Though many of the leaders of this group are quite famous, not a single member has ever been convicted.

19. In late spring 1993, a group led a bombing campaign across Italy, intentionally targeting cultural and historical sites. Who was it?

20. On 28. December 1985, a combined Palestinian organization and the Abu Nidal Group (with Libyan backing) carried out one of the most spectacular terrorist attacks in modern European history. What and where was it?

THe Lockerbie Bombing??

It is of course a matter of opinion as to what constitutes "the most spectacular terrorist attack in modern Europe" but I was thinking of the Palestinian massacres in the Vienna and Rome airports.

21. What anti-technology terrorist led a crude bombing campaign across the United States from 1979 until he was caught in 1998, turned in by his estranged brother?

Good run A.H.I.!