The bolded part sounds just plain silly.No. This is mistaking the individual for the aggregate. In aggregate every dollar the Chinese have they got from the US at some point. In that sense it's not "new" money, it's our own money coming back to us.
It's true that the open economy changes the analysis somewhat. It adds a third term to the macro accounting identity. It's also true that a country could pursue a strategy of a balanced government budget (or even surplus) and a large trade surplus to allow its private sector to accumulate net financial claims on the foreign sector - this is, in fact, what Germany has been able to do because of the Euro. The problem with such a strategy is that it relies on other nations being perpetual debtor/deficit nations. In the long term it is probably better to rely on your own democratic government, rather than the foreign sector, as the engine of your national economy's financial wealth.
To begin this sounds way too US centric in a world economy. If I work for for a Chinese or Mongolian mining company that sells its products in Africa, it seems to me that it is pretty much non US money. They could even pay me 175,000 RMB and let me turn it into $25,000 dollars. I do not think that just because the dollar is used worldwide, that the US creates all wealth.Remember, we are talking about the creation of new money. The 25k that the Chinese own in your example was already borrowed into existence. For somebody to have that 25k, an entity must own more than $25,000. But yeah, I guess outside entities could borrow in u.s. dollars using their assets as leverage.
It's part of the reason why the United States has so much seigniorage on its US dollar. Countries were forced to acquire dollars in order to purchase oil in international markets. So to have US dollars in your International savings account means that somebody else, or you, is in debt for US dollars.
I could be wrong. Maybe the source of new dollars for the US economy comes from outside entities borrowing US dollars instead of their Sovereign currency
I think MMT needs a graphic that shows its theoretical underpinnings. They way you all use words just makes it sound like philosophical discussion. I put little stock in those. How is money created, how it moves through an economy, what it does at each point and who can influence events along the way.
Did MMT predict the 2000 recession in advance or in hindsight?