Mars
The planet next outward from Earth is Mars. Mars is an arid planet which long ago lost the water of its seas to the iron oxides of its desert sands and the ice of its polar glaciers. Ancient civilizations dug vast networks of canals to carry what water there was to the drying, dying fields and cities. But today, even after herculean efforts, Mars is a dying planet. One mystery which continues to confound scientists is why the surface gravity of Mars is so close to that of the Earth and Venus, both of which are considerably larger. While the orbital period of Mars indicates that it is indeed denser than its two sunward companions, it is not sufficiently so to account for this discrepancy.
Background: For centuries the dark red mystery of Mars has excited the imagination of humanity, and so it was little wonder that Edison chose the red planet as the destination of the first interplanetary ether flyer expedition. Accompanied by Jack Armstrong, an intrepid Scottish explorer and soldier-of-fortune, Edison set out on January 6, 1870 and arrived on Mars on March 9. The landing was a rough one and tore open the hydrogen balloon used to lift the ether flyer into the atmosphere. The two explorers would have been stranded on Mars forever were it not for the fact that the planet was inhabited. Edison and Armstrong landed just outside the city now known as Syrtis Major, and they were taken prisoner by the Amraamtaba IX, the local potentate. Armstrong soon learned the Syrtan language, however, and Edison impressed the Martian ruler with his tremendous technical knowledge. The pair were soon freed, and Edison was provided with the materials necessary to repair his balloon and generate the hydrogen needed to fill it. Within months the repaired flyer was ready to carry Edison, Armstrong, and a curious Martian back to Earth. The return trip was without incident, and the expedition landed outside of Cincinnati, Ohio on August 7, 1870. The Earth was electrified. Edison and Armstrong received fame and fortune. Within a year dozens of companies were manufacturing Edison Flyers, and vessels of several nationalities were soon making regular trips to Mars, with rapid and dramatic changes for both worlds. Martian liftwood met the Industrial Revolution, and neither planet would ever be quite the same again.
Physical Character: Mars has a diversity of terrain fully equivalent to that of the Earth. In broad terms, the world is divided into the ancient seabeds, the vast deserts, the craggy mountain ranges, and the polar icecaps. The most salient feature of the red planet, however, the one which has shaped what the world is today, is the lack of rainfall. It never rains on Mars. The free water of its ancient seas vanished long ago and is now frozen in the glacial wastes of the polar icecaps or chemically locked in the rust-red deserts. Without free water, there is no evaporation cycle to feed clouds, and therefore no rain. Mars has a diameter of 4200 miles and a surface area of 55.4 million square miles. Although Mars is much smaller than the Earth, its surface gravity is only about 10 percent less. A 200-pound man would weigh about 180 pounds on Mars. The Martian atmosphere is a breathable one and is very similar to Earth's. Its most distinguishing feature is its lack of humidity, which reflects the overall dryness of the entire red planet.
Time: The Martian day is 24 hours and 37 minutes long. This length is within three percent of the length of the Earth day, and most Earthmen find that the slightly longer day presents no problem in acclimatization. Although special pocket watches which keep Martian time are manufactured, most visitors simply use their own watches and clocks, adjusted to run three percent slower. Mars orbits the Sun at a distance of 141 million miles and has a year of 687 days. The Martian year is divided into seasons determined by the level of water in the surface canals. There are four seasons on Mars: Flood, flow, low flow, and surge.
Flood is the short season in which polar meltwater rushes down the canal, and it marks the beginning of the growing season. It begins with the first swell of meltwater and lasts until the water level has again receded below the level of the canal promenades. Especially in regions closer to the poles, this rush of water overburdens the capacity of the canal, often reaching to the tops of the levees and overflowing to the croplands and fields beyond. Navigation is often difficult during this time.
During
Flow Season, water fills the Grand Canals to within a few feet of each bank, but there is no surge, and navigation is easy and unimpeded (equivalent to summer and fall on Earth).
Low Flow Season is the dry season; water in the Grand Canals is reduced to a mere trickle. To enable traffic to continue during the dry season, low flow channels were cut into the bottoms of the Grand Canals to contain what little water remained (about 30 feet deep, sufficient for almost any canal boat or barge). While these channels are filled, the rest of the canal bottom is almost completely dry.
Surge is a short season which occurs sometime during Low Flow. As the Low Flow Season progresses in one Martian hemisphere, the Flood and Flow seasons are taking place in the opposite hemisphere. Some of the water flow from the opposite hemisphere makes its way, eventually, to canals on the other side of the world. The surge of water that does manage to make its way to the other hemisphere produces a temporary replenishment of water in the canal beds. Travelers not acquainted with local conditions risk being caught in the deadly flow of a surge.
Flora, Fauna, and Flight: The drying of Mars millions of years ago spelled the end for most mammalian life forms, and with their extinction came the next step in Martian evolution: the flyers. Flyers could range far and wide in search of water and in search of the prey that water could support. Natural selection and little-understood components of the soil led some planets to develop lifting effects that negated the effects of gravity. Absorption of these elements in the diets of some animals led to the emergence of a lifting gland in these beasts. These animals can flat in the air by shifting the orientation and strength of their lifting gland's power, using wing-like flaps of skin for propulsion, steering, and fine maneuvers.
Recent History: For millennia, the various city-states of Mars existed, sometimes warring, sometimes cooperating, until a great leader arose to bring Mars into a golden age.
Seldon was the name of a great military leader on Mars who existed 5000 years ago, the equivalent of Alexander the Great on Earth. Seldon united many Martian city-states and came from the small mountain kingdom of Gaaryan (before the seas receded, it was the island kingdom of Gaaryan). The city-state leaders who cooperated with Seldon's empire became the canal princes of Mars; virtually all Martian rulers today trace their power to those original oaths of 5000 years ago. The Seldon dynasty went on for 3000 years, and Seldon's Empire repaired and properly maintained many of the Grand Canals. After 3000 years, this empire was torn by civil war and the canals became the responsibility of the individual city-states along them. The canals of the poorer city-states soon fell into disrepair and became marshes or dry channels as the money and resources normally used for their maintenance went to buy and equip military forces. The civil war destroyed some city-states and impoverished others. By the time the war finally ended, civilization on Mars was a shadow of its former self, and the magnificant empire of the Seldon Dynasty was nothing more than a few dozen petty principalities, collections of city-states under some particularly capable canal prince.
The Present Political Landscape: Before the coming of humans, the major Martian city-states were in rough equilibrium, although a few of them stood out above the rest.
The Oenotrian Empire was a rising star in the region south of Syrtis Major, rapidly dominating the older principalities of Deltoton, Astrapsk, Iapygia, and Avenel in diplomatic and (occasionally) military campaigns of conquest. With the coming of the humans, and particularly with the establishment of a British Crown Colony in Syrtis Major, the Oenotrians have been thwarted in their northern expansionist plans. The present war between the British and the Oenotrians was almost an inevitable result of the political and diplomatic climate in the Syrtis plateau resulting from the human settlement there.
The Boreosyrtis League is not a civil entity, but a loose mercantile confederation with many similarities to the Hanseatic League of the later medieval period on Earth. The cities of the Boreosyrtis League have a complete monopoly on the production of
bhutan spice, the prime British export from Mars (after liftwood). The league's headquarters is presently in the city of Umbra, where the major mercantile houses and princes of the cities of the league send their representatives to the League's Grand Council.
The Astusapes mountains are inhabited by High Martians, ruled by a number of greater or lesser kings from their "kraags", or mountain fortress-cities. The kraags are nearly invulnerable fortresses, carved from the heart of one of the rugged mesas or cliffs that permeate the region. The highlands are also the source of liftwood, and liftwood and the kraags are the twin pillars of High Martian power. Raiding the trade routes to the north was a minor sideline that brought them into conflict with the Boreosyrtis League and the British. The predominant high king of the Astusapes region was the master of Kraag Barrovaar, King Hattabranx, until a British raid weakened his power in February of 1888. Since that time, the area has been in a state of flux.
Technology:
Canal Martians are the most civilized and the most technologically advanced Martians. It is they who manufacture gunpowder, cast guns (when they can get the metal), and build the largest and most advanced cloudships. Despite this, however, the Canal Martians possess a stagnant culture and have not made a single major scientific discovery in centuries.
Hill Martians are more primitive than Canal Martians, both in appearance and in technological advancement. They are still capable of relatively sophisticated creations in many different kinds of wood, although they lack the practical and artistic metal-working skills of the Canal Martians.
High Martians are a brutish lot, both physically and technologically. Although they can work metal, they prefer to obtain manufactured goods by trade or brigandage, or as tribute. As masters of the high places where liftwood grows, they have a monopoly on the most important item of trade on the planet.
Cities and City-states: Cities on Mars tend to occur at the junctures of canals, which produce trade and serve as dependable sources of water for the inhabitants. The great cities of Mars were originally established by traders and merchants at the junctions of the Grand Canals. Wherever the Grand Canals met, some trade could be expected, and a city was the natural consequence. A city-state consists of a central city and the arable land around it (including a number of lesser communities). Martian city-states are easily classified in size, power, and wealth by a simple indicator: the number of canals extending from the city. The original city-states were built during the Brifanoon (the Age of Water). They were wonders of Martian science and optimism, but are now in decline. The technology that built the vast cities is long vanished. When the final drying of Mars began, advanced technology became a luxury the Martians could ill afford. Labor, always in short supply, had to be committed to agriculture. The decay could not help but accelerate. The spectacular Martian cities still stretch for miles beyond the canal banks, but most areas are abandoned, and the Martians now restrict themselves to buildings closest to the canals and waterways.
Syrtis Major: The city of Syrtis Major is situated at a major junction of several grand canals and was a major city-state and mercantile center for centuries before it became the capital of Seldon's empire. The remains of the Imperial palaces are still imposing, although most of them were abandoned long ago. One of the smaller palaces is now inhabited by Amraamtaba X, Prince of Syrtis Major, deposed by the British in 1880. The British now control Syrtis Major as one of their crown colonies.
The Belgian Coprates: By 1889 the Belgians had completed the conquest of the Great Coprates Rift Valley, and an uneasy peace has settled there between Belgium and the Martians of the valley.
German Western Dioscuria: Until recently, the Germans were unable to obtain any significant colonial possessions on Mars. Their most extensive settlements to date are the trade stations in Western Dioscuria, and the military posts necessary to protect them. The Germans have two main aims on Mars: to acquire a source of liftwood to produce the most advanced aerial gunboats, and to break the British monopoly on the bhutan spice trade.
French Idaeus Fons: French presence on Mars is limited to the Idaeus Fons region, but France's influence is widespread. It is only the lack of political support on Earth that keeps the French from claiming a larger area on the red planet.
Japanese Euxinius Lacus: Japanese presence on Mars is still small and mostly limited to the experimental scientific research stations and trading posts at Euxinius Lacus. Japan is trying to prove itself as a modern, influential power, and so desires to expand its presence on Mars.