Update 2 - March 420 to March 419
-------THRACE AND THESSALY-------
At the beginning of the second summer after the signing of peace between Athens and Sparta, the Athenians resolved to send another expedition to Thrace under the command of Alcibiades, with the aim of taking Amphipolis. Alcibiades took 5000 hoplites and fifty ships, to supplement Lamachus's 2500 hoplites and forty ships and the 1000 hoplites of the garrisons at Potidaea and Mecyberna. Alcibiades was also joined by 550 men from Sparta, comprising 300 Spartiates and 250 Perioeci, and when the 300 Perioeci at Potidaea were counted, that brought the entire force to a total of 9350 men.
The Athenian army sailed from Athens to Potidaea around the middle of summer, and marched by land from there to Amphipolis. Clearidas had told the Amphipolitans that the Spartans who were accompanying the Athenians had come for the purpose of reinforcing Amphipolis during the night right under the Athenians' noses. Although some Amphipolitans were suspicious, they largely trusted Clearidas on the matter, out of a mixture of wishful thinking and despair at the size of the Athenian army, and they opened up the gate on the bridge over the Strymon to the Spartans during the night. The Spartans seized the bridge and gates to open the city up to the Athenian army, but the Athenians took quite a while approaching the city, because all the fires in the camp had gone out by that time, and many of the soldiers were so tired by their voyage and the march from Eion along the river that they had, contrary to orders, gone to sleep. The Amphipolitans, who had gone down to open the gates with the Spartans, realised when they heard the uproar coming from the Athenian camp and noticed the Spartans seizing the gateway that they had made a mistake, and fought a vicious and desperate battle to reach the gate and burn down the bridge before the Athenians arrived, and, indeed, nearly succeeded, as the Spartans were disordered as they had had to maintain a pretence of not being about to fight and, in fact, had not expected the Athenians' delay. The Amphipolitans had very nearly set fire to the bridge when the Athenians put it out by throwing river water from their shields and helmets on it. By this point the city was thoroughly awake and a panic arose, and by the time the Amphipolitans by the gate had been defeated, the vast majority of the locals, almost all the poorer citizens and the women and children, had fled in the opposite direction through the eastern gate, mostly ending up among the Edonians. The Athenians and Spartans therefore found themselves marching into a ghost town, but this was remedied by an announcement inviting the Amphipolitans to return under terms binding them more closely to Athens, and they did return for the most part, although most of their leaders did not return to be tried for treason. What few ringleaders the Athenians could find they tried and put to death. Gradually during the year some Athenian colonists who had left under Brasidas gradually started to move back in, although the city remained very depopulated. The Athenians marched to besiege Olynthus, while the Spartans left them and marched through Macedonia into Thessaly. [-150 Spartiates; -50 Perioeci; -30 Athenian hoplites; -300 Amphipolitan hoplites; -400 Amphipolitan peltasts. 600 peltasts and 300 hoplites is the current military strength of the Amphipolitan militia.]
When the Athenians reached Olynthus, no army came out to oppose them, and they settled down to a siege, although the Olynthians, having strong fortifications and large supplies, were in a position to defend their city for a long time against the Athenians. Chalcidian attacks on their foragers and night-attacks on the Athenian siegeworks made it difficult to maintain the siege properly over the winter, so that much of the army was forced by logistics to winter in Potidaea and Mecyberna, and if the winter had not been particularly mild it is quite likely that the sporadic Chalcidian attacks would have forced the Athenians to abandon portions of their lines of siege around the north of the city. [-250 Athenian hoplites.]
The Spartans, under Clearidas, were welcomed by King Perdiccas of Macedonia, who was, following the peace, extremely eager to do anyone Athenian or Peloponnesian a favour, with open arms. Perdiccas suggested to Clearidas that Clearidas might help him attack his enemy King Arrhabaeus in Lyncus in return for his help in invading Thessaly, but Clearidas, irrationally confident on account of the ease with which he had marched northward under Brasidas and with a very Spartan wish not to exceed his mandate further than he already had done, declined the suggestion and marched without any reinforcements into Thessaly. His orders were to march by land to the relief of Heraclea, plundering the cities who had helped besiege it as he went, and he began to do so, setting up a camp in Larissan territory. This was when it became particularly clear that the only reason that it had been possible to pass through Thessaly with impunity before had been the acquiescence or sympathy of the Thessalian oligarchies, but this time the Spartans were - unsurprisingly - out of luck: the Larissans immediately mobilised their entire army and marched out to meet them as soon as they had begun pillaging. Clearidas saw that he could not keep on pillaging when he was outnumbered and had no cavalry, and, having no wish to give battle, he beat a hasty retreat, his rear harried rather effectively by the excellent Thessalian cavalry and light infantry. He marched back to Macedonia, where he was again welcomed by Perdiccas, and he sent back to Sparta for more orders. [-80 Spartiates; -20 Perioeci; -30 Larissan cavalry]
At Heraclea, low-level warfare continued during this year, as the local Malians and Aenianians, along with some Thessalians, continued to lay siege to that city, but there was no major assault this year. [-30 anti-Spartan Trachinians; -30 Aenianians; -30 Hieraeans and Paralians; -30 pro-Spartan Trachinians; -30 Heracleans.]
-------THE PELOPONNESE-------
In Argos, the situation was somewhat desperate, as a very large proportion of the Argive forces had been killed in battle, and a very substantial armed force was prisoner in Mantinea. They therefore despatched messengers to find out what the Spartans's terms were, and furthermore to return to Argos with a report of how the siege of Mantinea was proceeding, and meanwhile urgently accelerated the advancement of the sons of the Thousand who had been killed and some others to the hoplite class, while they awaited the result of their agents' inquiries. The Corinthians carried out a small raid against Cleonae with 200 peltasts and the naval archers, which made the Argives more anxious, but was generally a failure because the Cleonaeans mobilised their hoplites, who had returned from Mantinea essentially unharmed, remarkably fast to preserve their property and that of the neighbouring Argives, but there was no battle as the Corinthians quickly withdrew. The Cleonaeans then marched out moderately armed, a month later, into the territory of Tenea, which the local Corinthian magistrates had not at all anticipated. The Teneans became angry and rash, and, in the event, the Corinthian magistrates incompetently failed to do anything, and so they took the field against the Cleonaeans. While the Teneans were more heavily armed, and the Cleonaeans did not form up as a proper phalanx, the Cleonaeans were considerably more numerous, more experienced, somewhat more organised, and not at all badly armed, and the ground was uneven, with the result that the Cleonaeans drove the Teneans back within their walls, inflicting not inconsiderable losses given the small number of troops engaged, and ravaged the area, doing far more damage than the Corinthians had done to their land. [-40 Corinthian hoplites.]
Meanwhile, the Spartans at Mantinea continued to lay siege to it through the spring. Continuing their siege works, they had soon completely invested it with the use of an armed camp as well as considerable earthworks, and as the summer drew on their army gradually swelled with the troops of their allies from across the Peloponnese. As their food supplies went from being meagre to being non-existent, and as their city was surrounded day by day with more and more troops, and as there was apparently no hope of a relieving army (and, in fact, the Argive emissaries had already come, and they had returned to Argos to declare that there was no chance of breaking the siege and that the best thing to do would be to accede to the Spartans' terms). The Mantineans and the Argives in the city therefore surrendered at about the middle of summer, and the Spartan army entered the city, took the Argives prisoner, about a thousand of them, all told, and among them some of the richest men in the city who had been fighting among the Thousand. [-50 perioeci; -50 Tegeates; -50 Mantineans.]
When the Argive emissaries returned to the city, they announced the Spartans' terms, that they should install an oligarchy, that they should hand Cleonae over to the Corinthians, and that they should join the Peloponnesian League, and further said that Mantinea would soon fall and that the remaining army of Argos could never break the siege. Although the Argives were not so despondent that they made peace immediately, when Mantinea fell and they understood that the Spartans held a thousand of their men, and the most famous men in the city, captive, they fell into such despair that they immediately accepted the Spartans' terms, thinking that if they were forced to accept an oligarchy and join the League they would probably be forced to receive a garrison, while the oligarchy would likely consist of all the most pernicious men in the city and all the men worst disposed towards the interests of the people, and it could scarcely be expected that the Spartans would keep the prisoners at considerable expense for an indefinite length of time. On the motion of Theopompus, they decreed that the Council should prepare a list of suitable and moderate men who could govern the city, and the Council chose thirty-nine names, of which six were rejected by the Assembly. The chief men were Theopompus, Cleon, Athenodorus, and Calliades; along with them the Argives chose twenty-nine others. Having agreed to the terms and received back all their prisoners, the Argives joined the League. The fact that the Argives, who had been independent since their very foundation and had led the Greeks in the days of Agamemnon and many times since, had succumbed so completely to the power of Sparta on account of the capture of a thousand men, was remarked on, both as a great misfortune and as a demonstration of the chaos and trouble that come from war; for this reason, while the Argive people hated the Spartans, they were so completely cowed, and so angry at their bellicose leaders whose policy had allowed their defeat after decades of peace, that they did not insist on the institution of any particularly warlike or anti-Spartan men among the board of Thirty-Three, although they elected no puppets either. Thus ended the war between Argos and Sparta and their respective allies. [Prisoners returned to Argos; Argos becomes an oligarchy and a Spartan ally.]
-------THE WEST-------
The Tarentines continued work on the great Temple of Zeus. They withdrew their garrison from Cumae, presumably supposing that the threat to that city had passed, although some of the men in the garrison joined the city of Cumae. [-250 Tarentines to Cumae. Cumae, Posidonia, and Elea now have stats.]
IC:
To Sparta, Corinth and the whole Peloponnesian League
From Cleonae
Spartans and allies, it is known throughout the world that no people values liberty more highly than the Spartans do, and it is common knowledge that Sparta and her allies are praised throughout the world for their noble deeds in defending the Thracians, and for her noble defence of the Lepreates and the Parrhasians and all others who have found themselves subjected to the rule of another, and for making a just and universal peace. Cleonae is an independent people, a nation that loves its true allies, but cannot love an oppressor; now we have been assigned as a subject to our neighbour Corinth, a nation which, although we have done no harm to the Corinthians in living memory, plundered our land last summer and tried to lay our territory waste. Must we truly endure such a lot when this League is renowned throughout Greece, and the Spartans are universally praised, for the fact that these allies who meet together here are free and equal?
To Sparta
From Elis
We would like to make peace with you and rejoin the Peloponnesian League as your ally. Are you willing to restore our former friendly relations to how they were before?
To Athens
From Goaxis, King of the Edonians and Polles, King of the Odomantians
We would be delighted, if you so desired, to provide some new colonists to help repopulate Amphipolis.
OOC:
There will be further diplo from the Chalcidians and Macedonia to various parties if no-one takes control of them within a week or so.
If you capture a city, I need to know what you're going to do with it in your orders!
I have corrected a few omissions in map and stats (the Athenian cavalry; Apollonia and Epidamnus; Apollonia Pontica; Heraclea Pontica; Bithynia; the extent of the Odrysian Kingdom in Thrace).
If your orders are more than your people's labour could accomplish in the time available (erez particularly) they will stop carrying out your orders and assume that the things that appear first are of the highest priority, unless the orders are explicit about priorities. Be aware of this. erez, I therefore constructed ships and kept on going with the great temple you ordered last turn, and I ignored the irrigation thing, but if you had said the opposite I could easily have done that.
I made a mistake in Athens's stats last turn; the stats, until I corrected them the other day, had 5500 troops in Thrace, whereas the total should have been 3500 (i.e. the existing garrison of 1000 and Lamachus's force of 2500 as enumerated in the update). I have now corrected it in the previous stats as well as the current ones. The current combined force of the garrison, Lamachus's army, and Alcibiades's army, is 8500 men and 90 ships.
Now that Spartan dominance in the Peloponnese has been firmly re-established, I have done the obvious thing of colouring all the Arcadian states (which were previously sitting at least slightly on the fence between Sparta and Mantinea) in pink as allies of Sparta, as well as colouring the dependent oligarchies in Argos and Mantinea in pink. Equally, the only reason that the League of Acte was not coloured pink before was that those cities felt that they might need to pursue an independent policy if Sparta lost to Argos; now, though, as Sparta is clearly the hegemon, the cities of Acte are politically no less firmly tied to Sparta than to each other. However, these cities are all still allies, not subjects, with the obvious exception of Mantinea.
I have also detached Megara from Boeotia, because the Boeotians agreed to the Peace of Nicias whereas the Megarans didn't.
das: You can't just raise more Spartiates and Perioeci; that is the total able-bodied citizen body of the Spartan people. If you want more men, you can free slaves to create more neodamodeis, or think up some other imaginative way of finding them, or you can call on your allies more.
erez: You can't really use the navy for trade, because most of your labour force would be out of the city all year rowing the ships, which would make your economy crash.
Strategos: When I say that the local Corinthian magistrates in Tenea were incompetent, that, of course, isn't a reflection of anything you did or didn't do, but merely their own commonplace negligence.