Update 1525-1529
“A MIGHTY fortress is our God,
A bulwark never failing;
Our helper he, amid the flood
Of mortal ills prevailing…”
--M. Luther
Europe 1528
Nicholas Verner pushed his breakfast away and picked through the papers on his desk. In spite of the religious unrest, trade had been good almost everywhere. With the war in England wool was scarce and both Antwerp and Amsterdam suffered, but at least the Italian mess had come to an end; or at least a standstill. Religion, while on everyone’s mind, did not stop trade the way war did. It was clear now that Luther’s reformist movement was here to stay and growing in influence. Many of these “protestant” churches had completely broken with Rome and followed their own path on religious matters. In some cases whole countries had adopted the new religion and cut ties with the Pope. His own Germany was a patchwork of religious diversity. Some groups jumped to adopt the Lutherism, or one of the other splinter religions of the anti Rome factions; other groups were rigid in their support of the traditional ways of the Church and pressed for the use of force to bring the dissenters back into line. And yet a third faction wanted the Pope to push harder for his reforms and bring all Christians back into a harmony and unity in their faith.
Augsburg was now firmly in the Protestant camp, but Nicholas could deal with that as long they allowed the goods to move. A dispatch from Florence took his mind back to the spring of 1525. Fast riders had brought him the news before anyone else knew and so he had been prepared when the news of war broke. Venice had invaded Mantua and lay siege to Bologna in an effort unseat the Pope and add to its waning influence. The rebellion in Greece must have irked the Doge to no end. Bologna fell without much resistance, but by then Tuscany, Parma and the Pope had raised troops that were at the ready.
As Venice marched on Rome, Tuscany marched on Verona and Parma stepped in to grab Bologna. But Venice was ready and had troops to defend Verona and her advancing troops made a u turn and pounced on the small force from Parma and sent it scurrying home. But that was enough time for the Pope to bring his army to the front and force Venice to rethink its plans. The season ended in an uneasy truce that lasted all winter and into spring when without warning Venice moved against Parma. Tuscany watched as Parma capitulated rather than have their city attacked. And that was it. No one seemed too upset with the outcome and so as quick as it started, it ended. Trade resumed and the House of Verner had made a bundle in the meantime. Yes, life could be good. He was sure that the Doge was pleased with the additions to his little empire, but less happy with Greece. According to Nicholas’ contact in Athens, Venice made no move to suppress the Basil and his orthodox rebels, and had in fact let the rebels establish themselves firmly in the Peloponnesus. He couldn’t afford a two front war Nicholas figured, but the additional loss of Crete to the rebels must have galled whoever was leading the Venetian military.
Pietro was in Paris on his way back from Madrid and Lisbon. His news was intriguing. Portugal was two years into a big expansion of its trading network and the time to act was now to get in on it. Three new agents were on their way south, two to Portugal and one to Genoa who apparently was tired of losing trade to the disorder in the Mediterranean. In Spain there were only rumors of something big and it was connected to Portugal. His man there would have to dig deeper and bribe better informed officials if he was going to turn whatever was planned in his favor. His gut told him that Spain had finally figured how to make its colonies in the New World pay. That would be nice.
Outcomes:
+Mantua and Parma to Venice
+Crete to Greece
With the end of the Italian war, Rome settled into the business of religion. The Jesuits and Dominicans were encouraged and financed to expand their practices: the Dominicans in Brandenburg and the Jesuits in Bavaria in particular. A new Jesuit university, the Academy of Rome, was founded. Papal sermons and encyclicals fostered church unity and fellowship. And clearly Celestine was having and impact, much of Italy embraced his efforts to bring reform without division among Catholics. But the Pope’s outreach goes far beyond Italy and the principal kingdoms of Germany. His message of reform and unity is sent all across Europe to bishops, monastic orders and even parishes. They did not stop the heresy of Luther, but for some it was enough to have to stop and think about the steps they were talking. The Papal stand on England was a bit more complicated:
“The case in England being more delicate, I cannot yet say. If it becomes evident that Catholic nobles or common men wish to restore Catholicism in England, foreign powers would not be unrighteous in assisting them. Until the will of the Lord can be ascertained, the Holy See refrains from judgment.”
Others had less trouble in deciding what to do. In 1526 England invaded what was not already theirs in Ireland and fought a bloody campaign to bring the warlike chieftains to heel to English suzerainty. And just when it appeared that success was at hand in Ireland, James of Scotland declared war on his English ally. The reason given was English predations on Scottish shipping and the sinking of colony ships on their way to New Scotland. As if other arguments were needed, the decidedly Protestant position of Henry was also mentioned along with the blessing from the Pope. In the spring of 1527, 48 divisions crossed into England; York besieged and Northumberland pillaged as the Scottish armies moved south. In desperation Ireland was stripped of English troops. Henry of England declared war on all things Catholic and seized Church lands and money. His land was in turmoil. By early winter 1527 even the outskirts of London felt the pinch of Scottish raids. York fell. With his coffers refilled with the Pope’s gold Henry rebuilt his army. That winter the Irish seized the opportunity to retake much of their land.
The warring took up again in 1528 as soon as weather permited. Early English success brought them closer to retaking York in the east, but it was at Sheffield in June where things were resolved. The larger Scottish force was caught between two advancing English armies and fought to a bloody draw before withdrawing north the following day. The exhausted English failed to pursue and sat all summer licking their wounds and wondering what to do next. As they sat, Louis of France marched into Calais declaring it “returned to the one true faith of Rome”. His polite message to Henry expressed regret for the English King’s terrible situation, hopes that all will be resolved in good time, and affirms that England need not fear a French army landing on English soil. All was followed by a profusion of brotherly platitudes. English and Scottish emissaries discussed peace well into 1529.
Outcomes:
+1 Education Rome
+1 Culture Rome
+2 Bank Rome
+Calais to France
+3 EP net to English bank from Catholic holdings
Traveler’s Notebook
1529 Athens
The great Roman and Orthodox churches of Athens are near enough completion to be used and used they are. They are a wonder to behold and attract the faithful from throughout the region.
Hungarian Nobles whose lands border Austria petition both kings to switch their (the nobles) allegiance from Hungary to Austria. (See map)
Louis of France stands firm for Rome and Catholicism across Europe. He opens the Paris academy with great fanfare even as Protestantism spreads across central France.
An English Bible printed for the first time
The Elector of Brandenburg supports traditional Catholic values and declares Luther a heretic and outlaw; he launches a new project: Leadership Institute (+1 civil +1 military ) 1/3
King Michal of Poland stands behind the reforms of the Pope and extends political ties to Austria and Bohemia looking for ways to contain the reformist and breakaway religious groups. He reforms local and regional leadership and creates a state bureaucracy to manage the internal affairs of the country. Nobles now act as advisors to the various government bodies and to the Imperator himself. On a personal note, the King celebrates the birth of twin sons on June 2, 1528.
German Princes are found to be arming for trouble. Luther goes into hiding, but his books and papers keep spreading. German language bibles are now readily available throughout Germany. Luther’s hymns grow in popularity among people everywhere.
Bavaria builds two universities to add to its prestige and forms a base for a home grown scholars. One university focuses on history and philosophy the other on Alchemy and science. The king of Bavaria welcomes the Jesuits from Rome.
Neither Spain nor Portugal makes any pronouncements on the Reformation and its impact on the Church in Germany and elsewhere even though the Spanish Netherlands is rapidly becoming a haven for Protestant churches.
Genoese sailors discover the new world with a successful voyage to Hispaniola and the West Indies.
A Bengalese galleon (of three that left India) makes landfall in Ceuta and then Cadiz in 1527. Their uneventful return trip is celebrated when they reach home in 1528.
Outcomes:
+ 1 Religious Culture Bavaria
+1 Education Bavaria
+Paris Academy France (+2 Civil Leadership, +1 Education)
+Athens RC Austria
+VOD WCA Bengal
+VOD MC Genoa
High Seas adventure
1525 somewhere in the Arabian Sea
A Portuguese patrol spots what appears to be an Egyptian ship riding the monsoon winds southwest towards Africa and changes course in pursuit. The Viceroy has offered a big reward if the Netjer, flagship of the fabled explorer Ashraf Sayf, is taken with charts and maps intact. This one could be it. Three days of strong winds and clear sailing bring them no closer to catching the well-sailed Egyptian. Then at dawn on the fourth day, the Portuguese are astonished. Their prey is nowhere to be seen. In these winds Sayf’s choices were few: stay the course for a speedy crossing to Africa or turn north for the Portuguese waters off the Horn of Africa. “He is smart.” Thought the captain, “but even if I do not catch him, another of us will.” He ordered a change in course and turned toward Mogadishu.
100 miles to the northeast, Sayf sailed southeast where he knew he could catch fair winds to Sumatra. Sitting all night under bare poles had been risky, but cloudy skies had hidden them from moonlight and discovery. In dead silence they had watched the lights of their Portuguese pursuers sail past and disappear over the western horizon. Europe seemed out of the question now, so it was to the east he would sail with his knowledge and his rudders. In the spring of 1526 Sayf dropped anchor off the south China coast. Once re-supplied he would sail north along the shore in easy stretches. He would have a home soon.
Captain Baca sailed from Lisbon in the spring of 1525, westbound. During the four week crossing of the Atlantic he studied the maps he had received from the Spanish embassy. They were maps of the Carib Sea and lands there about. Hispaniola and Cuba and the few other Spanish isles were clearly marked as were the unfriendly lands of the Calusa and the trading post that connected Cadiz with the Mexica. Baca’s flotilla would bypass the empty islands, except to pick up some slaves perhaps, and head for the edge of the known. He would land explorers at likely spots for successful colonies. He hoped for an uneventful voyage.
The Portuguese spent lavishly upon their overseas adventures. While Captain Baca was exploring the lands of the Mexica, colonists expanded two of its African trading post into real communities dealing in gold, timber, ivory and cocoa. And in the Congo Portugal raises and trains a division of local militia to be the first line of defense. Madagascar holdings are expanded and vanilla plantations cut from the thick jungles.
Outcomes:
+Rio Grande TP Portugal
+Panama TP Portugal
+Ghana colony Portugal
+Congo colony Portugal
+ Interior Congo TP Portugal
Go on to Part 2