669 - 677 AD
The great powers of Asia remained at peace, and new ideas about industry and technology were slowly taking hold. Tusca was once again a warzone. The African continent continued to play host to invading armies. Many conflicts were also going on in the Americas at this time.
The world:
Global Trade: Trade routes have already joined the world for several centuries, thanks to the combined efforts of the Thuleans, Asian and Africans. But aside from the increasingly-prosperous American colonies, the economies of the other continents have so far remained almost independent of each other, with only certain luxuries - like gold, silver, spices, tobacco and silk - being traded across the world on a large scale.
At this point, it is noted that things are starting to change. Greater populations and relative stability across other parts of the world - the Thulean countries and the great Asian empires in particular - raises demand and supply of all kinds of goods and luxuries, while the gradual growth in 'industry' also makes things more complicated.
* It is also noted that the ongoing trouble across Africa and the Mediterranean has affected traders across the world, even as far away as the Americas, although some Thuleans and Pangari have been able to benefit from redirected trade.
Industrial Innovations: Slow progress was being made, despite many problems...
* see 'major events'!
New firearms: The 'rifled' musket has now appeared in various places under different names. Currently, the most effective of these is a weapon born from life on the Ceinurissian frontier. Although more difficult to make, less reliable and even more difficult to load than a standard musket, the Ceinurissian rifle has unmatched range and accuracy. As such, its main use is for hunting animals in the wilderness, but it also has a place in battle, in the hands of selected sharpshooters. Various gunsmiths in the Aonsaise and the Yssian Republic are investing in new machine-tools to make these rifled muskets on a greater scale.
Over in Tusca, the Razynist regime was making full use of the old republican cannon foundries in its battle for survival. They produced a new class of accurate-firing cannon. This also had a rifled barrel, as well as a screw mechanism for setting the barrel elevation to a fairly precise angle. The Tuscans also began to make use of exploding and fragmenting shot, though these were often just as dangerous for the gun crews as for the enemy.
Needless to say, other countries have already taken an interest. Though, judging by recent wars, it seems that spears and pikes still have a role to play against cavalry. And it seems that melee weapons can still be just as deadly as firearms, if placed in the hands of determined troops...
Spread of Rationalism and Razynism: Rationalist philosophy enjoyed some notable gains at this time, mainly in Asia. Khaizar Tovaul III of Rytarria was becoming more open about this support for Rationalism, to the anger of many Phosists in his empire. Rationalism also spread further in Sung Taej and Pangari lands, where Taoists and Orhadists were less hostile to its ideas. In the city of Panga, a great Diamond Conclave was soon under construction, designed to rival the Golden Conclave of Antalya in majesty, if not quite in size. Several nobles of Pegu began to copy their Pangari role models, and so Rationalism also gained a foothold in South America by the early 670's.
Attempts to spread Rationalism in Antalya's new African territories did not fare so well, as could be expected. In the north, Ismailist fanaticism had been stirred up like never before, and thanks to other events at this time, there was a growing hatred of all thinks foreign. Kzame, despite the Bazilev's hopes, proved to be far from being a harbour of Rationalism, as shall be discussed later. Still, there were a few Theosists and Ismailists who were willing to embrace Rationalism on top of their old faith.
The collapse of Republican Tusca had taken the heart out of the 'liberalist' movement in Europe - leaving faraway Vancuissi as the sole voice of Libertarianism - but the ideology of
Razynism has taken its place, to a certain extent. Most notably at this point, there is a small Razynist following in Germanica, and handfuls of supporters in Rove. Razynist ideas of 'direct rule by the people', and the dismantling of old power elites, have gained support from devoted Aeonists and disaffected commoners alike. But Razynists are being forced underground, as their ideas amount to disloyalty and treason under common law.
As for Rationalism, it has not yet been able to take root in the lands of traditional Aeonism, where the official doctrine of the church of Lenierde guides all religious thought, or in the Thulean-Ultimist sphere, where Rationalism is still regarded as just another interesting foreign philosophy - except perhaps for the Asturian League, where it has received the patronage of some influential nobles.
Asian Serenity: Tensions between the 'Central Alliance' and 'Zeyris Triad' were eased with the signing of the 'Trans-Asian Serenity Pact' by most of Asia's great powers. Tensions had been highest between the Imperial Republic of Antalya and the United Empire, but things began to calm down even on that front. People are now left wondering if such peace can last, or if these new treaties will simply bottle things up until some kind of massive and spectacular war erupts in future. Conversely, some intellectuals also began to talk of a 'golden Asia', envisioning the Asian powers joining together to colonise and enlighten the rest of the world...
* The Pangari Republic, the United Empire, the Imperial Republic of Antalya and the Rytarrian Empire have all agreed to this peace treaty. Advisors to the Avtokrator of Videssos have sent vague messages of approval also.
Gyut civil war - Imperial intervention: Things were not quite so peaceful in one part of Asia. The war between the two feuding brothers of Gyutshian went on, as they rejected a proposal from their overlords in the United Empire for co-rulership. The UE was not prepared to drag things out any further. The empire assembled a huge army and invaded in 671 AD, together with enthusiastic support of the Rajarash forces, who had already been battling against rogue Gyut raiders for some time. Tojushian, another nearby vassal of the UE, also sent some cavalry forces as a gesture of support.
Kaigyu Kabai, who had been ruling in the east, surrendered without a fight. His brother Kaigyu Kitan fought on stubbornly, and his cavalry bodyguard even achieved a victory over an advance force of UE and Rajarash troops in dry dusty plains near Atu Gyta. However, in all other encounters his army was blasted into submission by massed musketeers of the UE, supporters by melee troops and masses of allied light cavalry. After being abandoned by his supporters, Kitan enacted a ritual suicide at a remote desert shrine, allegedly offering up his spirit to the old Ulak gods. His name may now rank among the great Gyut warriors of legend, but it is Kabai who was left as ruler of Gyutshian, and faithful vassal of the UE.
Gyutshian territory was reduced on two fronts - Rajarash was given some lands in the west by the UE, as payment for their loyal service, a gift which was greatly appreciated. Also, controversially, the Sung Taej advanced north and claimed a small stretch of land along the border, supposedly to protect their own lands and safeguard the Taej refugees fleeing the fighting. The UE leaders chose not to press the issue - at least, not yet - since the Gyuts had been advancing into various Taej lands by their own accord, long after they became the empire's vassals.
* The forces of the UE, Rajarash and Tojushian have taken minor losses. The show of force has stamped the UE's authority on the area.
* Gyutshian is restored as a loyal vassal, without much of its former army and economy.
* The issue of ethnic-Taej cities in the south of Gyutshian remains unresolved. For now they have grudgingly re-submitted themselves to Gyut rule, under the overall authority of the UE.
* Tens of thousands of Taej refugees have fled into Sung territory, adding to the population of the Yanzur area in particular.
Apocaltypic Oruism: The doomsday cult spread beyond Manash. In the United Empire, they gained followers as far away as Oro, and converted some of the old Oruist warrior-monasteries to their cause. The UE took little notice - they weren't really doing anything subversive, other than maintaining that the world was due to end in 697 AD, though that did make them less enthusiastic about their duties to the empire. Rytarria took a tougher stance towards them, and stamped out the cultist strongholds on their side of the border. Even so, the cult managed to gain a small underground following in the large cities of Mandal Tiepe and Khanara. The leaders of the movement are still believed to be holed up in the mountains north of Manash.
Libria: Rumours surrounded Sigvan 'the furious', leader of the stubborn Librian resistance, who was said to be involved in all kinds of plots with both the Antalyans and the Koruzians. Some said he signed a secret truce with Koruzia, promising not to incite an uprising from the Librians living within Koruzian territory. That was not really what the rebels wanted to hear, as most still hoped for a strong native kingdom reunite all the Librian peoples. In any case the resistance remained focused on Libria itself.
The Empire of Germanica kept a sizeable army in the country, but stayed on the defensive. The Germanican lords of Libria were not too keen on risking their own forces chasing after the rebels either, and instead concentrated on tightening their grip over central and eastern Libria, with a mixture of new forts, threats and bribes. These efforts bore fruit. Several more Librian nobles converted to Aeonism - if they weren't already Aeonist - and pledged overall allegiance to Germanica. The country was already becoming a western outpost of Germanic, Aeonist civilisation. Although, Sigvan's strongholds were left in relative peace, and his forces were able to regain some ground. He was also said to be gaining new recruits from both Cyramenya and Tavuria. The 'barbaric' Tavurians were known for killing many Aeonist missionaries or converts within their own lands. Libria remains divided in 677 AD, with no end in sight for the fighting.
The Hebrides: The Yssian Republic took the pressure of the Hebrideans with regard to the mutiny of the western Picts, and suspended any discussions about reunification for now. This may well have been the right decision, but things still did not go according to plan. In 670 AD, 'Lord Protector' Tornbraer fell ill and died, and an equally weak ruler - Lord Dunbraer - was elected in his place. His position was not helped by the irreconcilable beliefs that many Pictish nobles now held. Bitter arguments raged on and on. Finally in 673 AD, Dunbraer managed to assemble a small fleet and army willing to 'forcibly disband' the forces of the mutineering Lord of Farsund. A bloody and messy battle - notable for the variety of new and old weapons that were used - occurred at an ancient coastal fortress near the city. The lands of Farsund were soon brought back under central control, but the fighting only polarised things even more across the rest of the western isles.
Wanting to avoid further escalation, Lord Dunbraer allowed the 'Union of Dunottar' to secede as new state. These western Picts were adamant about wanting to avoid any form of control from Ys, and wanted to guarantee their own independent trade links with the Euris Ocean and North America. Under the new arrangement, the capitol of the reduced Hebridean League returned to Saint Gustparsberg, the great city that had been the capitol of the old Thulean League. Meanwhile, the border with Olesia remained quiet, right up to 677 AD. But with things getting back to normal across most of the isles, the Hebridean leaders have promised to settle accounts with the Olesian 'rebels'...
* The Union of Dunottar now exists.
* The Hebridean League has been reduced in size, but lost little of its economy or military. It remains a vassal of the Yssian Republic.
* Olesia remains isolated, with no formal recognition from its neighbours.
The Tuscan wars, part two: The Asturian League led the Mediterranean Alliance and Tarcedon in a war to bring down the Razynist state. Much fighting ensued.
* See Major Events!
North African War - The Great Betrayal: Peace was not on the minds of the Aeonist leaders. Much fighting ensued.
* See Major Events!
Haman, Antalya, Kzame and Macrabi: For Kzame, the year 669 AD had begun with the threat of Marcrabian invasion. For months, envoys were sent back and forth between Kzame and Marcrabi, but no agreement could be reached. Reluctantly, Kzame sought the support of Antalya, which seemed only too happy to expand its influence into Africa. Kzame's leaders promised full toleration of Rationalism, and welcomed thousands of Antalyan troops into their lands. These were led by the Basilevs’ eldest son, Crown Prince Aristarkh II.
But Macrabi didn't invade. Kzame's rulers were already struggling to balance their ideas of 'progress' against the conservative sentiments of much of the population. Now it looked like they had sold out to foreign infidels at the first sign of trouble. Things only got worse. By 671 AD Antalyan troops were manoeuvring along the border with Marcrabi, apparently trying to provoke an attack. Some skirmishes did break out, but Macrabi held its armies back. In the process, the Antalyans stirred up anger among the locals. Also, ships from Sung Taej joined the Kzamians and Antalyans in prowling the southern waters, and the combined fleet menaced the island of Nysar, panicking local traders for a while. The small Macrabian fleet simply stayed in port on the mainland.
A propaganda war was fought in Kzame. Antalya offered gifts to the people, gave new weapons to its army, and allegedly spread harmful rumours about Macrabi's rulers. But at the same time, rumours of sinister Antalyan plots began to spread. Macrabi was often accused of funding those nobles who spoke out against the Antalyan presence. Antalyan efforts to spread Rationalist ideology in Kzame often met with a backlash, and seemed to confirm the people's fears. Ironically, the strongest supporters of Antalya were the Tamlki exiles, ultra-conservative Theosist in central and northern Kzame, who hoped to see their homeland liberated from Macrabian rule. They resumed naissance attacks against Macrabians in and around Tamlki.
By 674 AD, there were frequent riots in many of Kzame's cities. In 675 AD, there was also an uprising by northern Ismailists. Haman sent its 'volunteer' forces to assist. Kzame was unable to stamp out the rebellion, and Marcrabi still seemed likely to take advantage of Kzame's weakness at any time. Haman also launched raids into Antalyan territory in north-west Africa. The Antalyans were left with little choice but to intervene themselves. Fighting between Ismailists and Antalyans in northern deserts of Kzame only stirred things up further - Prince Aristarkh of Antalya faced more than one attempt on his life. By 677 AD, the cities of al-Kai'ad, Mareq and al-Ta'ia had rebelled under various anti-Antalyan factions, endless arguments raged among the nobles of the Zareh, and Kzame seemed to be on the edge of civil war.
* The armies of Macrabi, Haman and Antalya have taken minor losses.
* Kzame's economy has suffered, and the country is now unstable.
North East America: Colonial conflict continued. The Videssians fought on against the Chaunka from their mountain fortress at Kybos, and gradually - cautiously - gained control of the surrounding valleys. But there were rumours of large armies gathering around the Chaunka city of Tho, and worse, rumours of dealings between the Chaunka and the Vancuissians in the north. Silash had also signed an alliance with he Pangari colony of Engui, both of which remained potential enemies for the Videssians. And with signs of unrest at home, the Videssian rulers were in no way willing to send any more soldiers into Chaunka territory.
* The army of Videssos has suffered minor losses. Chaunka and Videssos remain hostile.
* Silash has signed a defensive alliance with Pangari.
Vancuissi took up the role of peaceful contact with the Chaunka. The noted explorer Motas Gellan is said to have travelled even further into Chaunka land than the Pangari Zhiri-Veka-Me, now governor of Engui. Though, it seems Gellan could not match Veka-Me's talents for diplomacy or deciphering the native languages. He was eventually chased out of Chaunka lands after some undisclosed incident.
While Vancuissi tried to step down its military presence in its recently gained territories - the spoils of the Mogui wars - they faced guerrilla attacks by the 'Zhireka'. These were the descendents of the oldest Pangari colonists, die-hards who did not want Vancuissian rule and did not want to flee eastward. Many had some native blood, and saw the Mogui territory as being rightfully theirs. The fighting spread right across the borderlands between Mogui and Odagi. Vancuissian control of the area wasn't really threatened, but their soldiers were kept busy, and new settlers were discouraged from that part of the frontier.
* Vancuissi's army has taken minor losses.
From 669 AD, Rytarria's Zeyris Guild attempted to crush remaining resistance from the Maru peoples. Though, with many of the guild's troops sent south to intervene in the Hocatelco war, the Maru now had more of a fighting chance. The Maru strongholds around Satim put up surprising resistance, and held out for another two years, partially helped by severe storms and flooding of the Rytarrian lines, which followed by outbreaks of disease. But Satim did fall, and the last of the Maru were either conquered or joined the others already in exile. Those fleeing north to Videssian territory spoke of massacres of innocent people by the Zeyris Guild's soldiers, with survivors enslaved and forced to work in the Guild's plantations.
* Maru resistance has ended. Rytarria's army has taken minor losses.
North West America: Up in the northern straights, the argument over Humidiss' rightful allegiance only became more heated. Vancuissi dispatched more soldiers and ships to Humidiss over fears of an attack by the 'belligerent' Ceinurissian Aonsaise. But no hostile moves materialised. Most of the locals still held a good opinion of the CA, and were generally apathetic towards Vancuissi. The libertarian ideal has not yet gained much support here. Adding to complications was the fact that newer Vancuissian settlements along the Humidiss river had been founded by new waves of settlers with much more loyalty to Vancuissi itself...
* There is mounting pressure for a plebiscite to allow the northern Humidissians to choose for themselves - either Vancuissi, the CA or independence. At this point, it seems there is roughly equal support for each!
On the west coast, after 674 AD, the expanding borders of Ostia and Awahan began to collide. Skirmishes broke out, and a limited war was fought from 674 to 676 AD. The tough Ostian militias initially gained swathes of new land, but were eventually pushed back by massed attacks of Awahan warriors, some of which were armed with muskets equal to those of the Ostians. The Awahan were also in the process of building palisade-and-ditch forts throughout their lands, as instructed by King Ganwagan II.
Much brutality was shown by both sides. Wild rumours spread, not least that the Ostians massacred whole Awahan villages, including women and children, whenever they got the chance. The Awahan warriors were accused of doing the same to Ostian settlements. The nearby Ohiwa peoples were understandably frightened, and looked to the Ceinurissians for protection...
* The armies of Ostia and Awahan have taken minor losses.
* Ohiwa is now a vassal of the CA.
* It may also be noted that a large new Levanquist church and a new senate house are under construction in Faerburg, perhaps an effort by the Ostians to gain a more 'civilised' reputation.
Naochi and Hocatelco wars: The former empire of Hocatelco was home to a chaotic four-way war, with the western warlords backed by the Ceinurissian Aonsaise, the eastern warlords backed by the Zeyris Guild of Rytarria, the central territory under the control of the popular 'god' King Quiatal Chini, and the Naochi forces advancing from the north. The western warlords received Ceinurissian troops - including some who had seen action with Gunthii in the recent Yihamco war - as well as more modern muskets and cannons. They initially advanced on the former capitol, Tecochen, and besieged it for a while in 670 AD. But after being rattled by fanatical attacks from Chini's followers, they were drawn away into a lengthy struggle against the Naochi forces. Things then split into two mostly separate wars, with the Rytarrian-backed warlords tying down the Chini's forces over in the east.
The Naochi were angered by the Ceinurissian intervention, and triggered a war with the Aonsaise itself from 671 AD, striking at their nearest stronghold. But the coastal fortress at Aumi proved basically immune to attack by Naochi warriors, surrounded as it was by swamps and supported by the Aonsaisei fleet. The local Ceinurissian forces were eager for a fight, and were in no mood to hold back. They advanced along the Aumi river, steadily retaking lands which the Thulean League had claimed two centuries before. The tropical forests still harboured all kinds of trouble for the Ceinurissians, but things were made a little easier by the their superior weapons, and by the Naochi's shifting attentions, which had now been drawn back into the heart of former Hocatelco territory.
By 675 AD, a truce was reached in the west, after Ceinurissian forces approached the stronghold of Kokoloh. The Naochi leaders moved court to the older city of Tarexl, having conquered lands to the south and east, mostly from Quiatal Chini's forces. It should be noted that the Naochi were armed with many muskets of their own, and many old cannons of Pangari origin, even if they still glorified hand-to-hand combat - the same could be said for some of the Aonsaise's hardened frontiersmen.
Things in the east remained unresolved by 676. Rytarrian support for the eastern warlords mirrored that of the Ceinurissians in the west, except that the eastern warlords were in a tighter spot, and were willing to offer more to their foreign friends - most of all, access to their gold mines and gold-panning streams. The fighting with Chini's followers did not go so well, despite the supply of Rytarrian arms, advisors and soldiers experienced from fighting the Maru. After initial advances along the coast, it turned into a defensive war in difficult jungle terrain against large numbers of poorly-armed but fanatical enemy troops. Quiatal Chini seemed focused on wiping out his eastern enemies first. The war was barely profitable for Rytarria's Zeyris Guild, and took an unwelcome toll on its most experienced soldiers. But they steadily gained influence over the locals, and despite ongoing fighting, the vassal territory of Taxal was established by 676 AD.
* The western pro-Ceinurissian warlords have established their own 'republic' named Zalachan, literally meaning 'resurgent horned lizard'. It is ruled by a native military elite, with Ceinurissian merchants basically acting as the bureaucracy.
* The eastern warlords have become Taxal, an official vassal of Rytarria. Similarly, Rytarria's Zeyris Guild is controlling most of the trade in that country.
* The truce between Naochi, CA and Cheniltelco will expire in 679 AD. Other parties are still at war.
* The army of CA has taken minor losses. Rytarria's army lost a little more in terms of men and experience.
* Thousands of Hocatlecan exiles and immigrants have been welcomed into the southern territories of the CA.
* Their are rumours that the 'god' Quiatal Chini may be dead, and his current whereabouts are unknown. His followers still hold the old capitol and much of the central territory, but remain disorganised.
South American border changes: After 669 AD, a wave of new conflicts broke out across the western half of South America. Firstly, the long-suffering native kindgom of Temec was blessed with a brilliant new leader, the warrior king known as 'Takulinaku', translated as 'ethereal mountain eagle'. Under Takulinaku's rule, the Temec armies soon reclaimed old coastal homelands from Qaran, pushed into tribal lands in the northwest, and then invaded Chimuk territory in alliance with Kulo. Chimuk was soon losing ground to its enemies. By 676 Kulo had basically won the war for control of the old Chimuko heartlands, and had its own core of musketeers and artillery men, though the country was thoroughly exhausted.
* Kulo's treasury has been over-stretched. Its army has suffered many losses.
* Chimuk still maintains a portion of its army, despite losing most of its territory and economy.
* Temec has gained most in terms of economy and military strength.
As for Qaran, it found itself fighting against native tribes displaced westwards by the Temec. In 672 AD, one tribe known as the Kima crossed the inland mountains and boldly attacked the city of Zura, the capitol of Qaran - originally a colony founded by Theosist missionaries from Africa and Arzamber. The attack met with success, and the new Kima regime introduced a new religion, a variation on Qaran Theosim - which had itself been a distorted version of 'true' African Theosim - remixed with more local tribal beliefs. Now known as 'Ulachism', it was a strict and militant religion which preached the forceful conversion of others as its main virtue.
* The armies of Qaran and Temec have gained in strength.
* The religion of ' Ulachism' has appeared.
In the south, the semi-native kingdom of Zhizhou began to expand its borders northwards, and conquered various native tribes without too much difficulty. But the country was soon suffering from a colourful power struggle amongst the royal family back in the capitol. King Hui-Tan was weakened by age and illness, and his principle wife and several of his elder sons - some with their own armies - began to compete with each other for the backing of the Sung Taej over in Asia.
* Zhizhou's army has taken moderate losses, its government is also looking unstable.
As a result of all this, many tribal peoples were on the move across central South America in the early 670's. Many headed to the borders of Pegu, seeking protection, in return for working as mercenaries and scouts along the frontier. Pegu's army was going through some sweeping reforms, so in some ways it was a perfect timing for recruiting natives. Pegu had managed to keep a fairly good reputation among the natives over the centuries, which paid off in this case. It also gave justification for Pegu to begin to expand its own borders westwards a little. Though as waves of ethnic-Pangari settlers followed, relations with the allied tribes became more complicated. For the first time, Pegu also founded a colony on the west coast of the continent, which was similarly able to befriend various tribes exiled by the Zhizhou.
* Pegu's manpower has increased for now, thanks to native allies.
Yihamco treaties: In the Yihamcoross, things continued to settle down after the dissolution of Sturmhaus, with more islands falling under the control of either Gunthii or the newly-declared United Islands. The other new state of Saint Belda made overtures to the Saxonguille 'motherlands' of eastern Europe - they were ignored by Rove, but Gallica did offer support, and was initially well received. That was until the Ceinurissian Aonsaise stepped in and offered its support, in return for the Saint Beldans making no deals with Europe...
Around the same time, the neighbouring island state of Amik signed several military treaties with Gunthii, supposedly to guard against attack from the militant Kima-Qarans on the South American mainland. The Gunthii also returned control of Sua to the United Islands - this was the former Sturmhaus capitol, now a much quieter and sober place thanks to the recent fighting. The Gunthii continued to expand their influence, and in many ways acted as an extension of the Aonsaise government and fleet in the Yihamcoross.
* Saint Belda has reluctantly sided with the CA, and cancelled all their deals with Gallica. This has still allowed for trade links with Asturian League also.
* The CA and the Asturian League now guarantee the independence of Saint Belda.
* Amik and Gunthii now have a full alliance.
* As a side note, with the decline in slavery in the region, labour-intensive sugar plantations are being abandoned in favour of exotic new foodstuffs such as 'cocoa'.