Spotlight:
The Great War in Europe.
"The increasingly-intertied nature of the European economy, coupled with the entangling alliance that would make any war between great powers a great war that will burn all of Europe, thus a war that all seek to avoid remembering the ruination of the last such war - the Twenty Years War - and the rise of revolutionary movements naturally opposed to the existing world order in all of its incarnations quite obviously make any real wars in Europe increasingly improbable."
- "Treatise on the New World". Alberto Arnade. Year 1739.
From the start of the 18th century, Europe existed in a kind of an order of the very temporary variety. The balance of power remained mostly unchanged until the 1740s, despite the final polarization and partition of Germany, the continued ascendancy of the Krakow Union and the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Kingdom, unabated by reforms. Towards 1740, numerous formal and informal alliances of convenience begun emerging. In Western Europe, the strife of France and Spain, begun in the late 15th century as both turned from internal consolidation to external expansion, continued. A natural Spanish ally, the Krakow Union, was Protestant, but this did not prevent alliances in our modern, pragmatic age. Krakow Union itself was a definite threat to the potential Russian hegemony in Eastern Europe, and thus Russia was naturally driven into an informal alliance with France. Yet Europe, contrary to public opinion today, was hardly on the brink of another great war - not until the sudden collapse of the Ottoman hegemony in the Balkans, in 1741-3. The Ottoman Empire, no longer the threat to all the Christendom which it once was, has become by then the guarantor of the balance of power. As it fell, Russia, whether directly or not, extended its hold to the Balkans and the Christian parts of the Caucasus; whereas France, by making itself indespensible for the Ottoman Empire, changed the situation in the Mediterranean to its favour and to the detriment of Spain. It was clear, thus, that the other block - that of Krakow and Spain - had to react if they were to survive at all, not to mention as great powers (as for France and Russia, they had to pre-empt the enemy reaction - and much like with their enemies, one of the powers did pre-empt it, and another didn't).
Here the domestic factor stepped in. Spain was still obviously in decline, its government, despite its efficiency, was still overwhelmingly unpopular. Spain was unready for war, not before the new Gonzales dynasty was to consolidate power anyway. Meanwhile, the Krakow Union was ever more prosperous, ever stronger, ever more stable, it was in the ascendant and NEEDED to expand, whereas its strong army and military-based economy NEEDED to fight.
Other people attribute more importance in the events of 1745 to the human factor: the leader of Spain, King Rodequiz I, was usually seen as a peaceful, meek man, unready to take decisive, ruthless measures perhaps necessary to preserve the Spanish domination of its colonies and to allow it to defend itself against the French. By contrast, Grand Kanzler Iosif von Dunkelheit was exactly the strong leader needed to preserve a country in its time of peril and to lead it to greatness, to destroy all opponents - an agressive leader, but not insanely so, a one able to wait until the time is ripe. According to some, another such man was the archnemesis of Rodequiz I - Francis-Julien I, the constitutional monarch of France who nonetheless exercised great power and influence both through his personal merits and his status, just like Vladimir IV in post-reform Russia, who, however, is not usually considered to be a Russian equivalent of von Dunkelheit (instead, his chancellor Bestuzhev is believed to be such by many eminent historians).
But all that just as may be - as everybody knows, history knows no alternative, and events happened, in the end, just the way they did. So on March 11th, French naval inspectors checked the Spanish archives and uncovered documents that quite clearly pointed out that, indeed, Spain was behind the South Sea piracy, having supplied the pirates with ships and with secret orders. This shocked the world, but for two nations. The first - the Kingdom of Spain - was also quite surprised. These news were quite controversial, especially coupled with government denials, and a wide variety of opinions emerged - from "this is the truth!", through "this is the truth, but so what?" and to "this is a blatant fabrication!" Add to that the fact that nobody quite knew what to do about it, and everybody suggested things nonetheless - from apology and reparations to declaration of war upon France and Portugal, just to be sure.
The other nation - the Kingdom of France - was quite united by fury and rage against Spain and all things Spanish. When the ultimatum calling for Spanish reparations to Portugal and France was declared, the French demos supported it wholeheartedly. When the Spanish government did not comment on it, the people of France begun burning effigies of the Spanish king and tearing translations of Cervantes and Lope de Vega into shreds. And when a report on Spanish atrocities in Catalonia and Basconia was published, the people actually believed in it, and supported the following ultimatum that demanded Spanish evacuation of Basconia and Catalonia just as much as the first one.
By then, the Spanish people were also quite united again. Although some newspapers still claimed that the French reports were correct, the overwhelming opinion was that, even if all that was true, the French had it coming for them - so great was the fury at the French ultimatum. On both sides, volunteers enlisted en masse. By now, war was quite unavoidable, and so it... begun.
At the time, the Spanish forces were slowly, but steadily suppressing the risings in Basconia and Catalonia. Actually, there barely were any atrocities, much less "genocide" - had there been, the Spanish would probably have already crushed both rebellions, as their easy-going ways and cautiousness were used against them, especially since time was against them, and it they had lost. The first battle was fought at the sea, at Barcelona, and the Spanish fleet only barely limped back to Valencia, having been overwhelmed by superior French firepower. A cross-Pyrenean invasion soon forced the Spanish to fall back from Barcelona all the way to Tarragona, as the local rebels enthusiastically joined the French. As other French forces linked up with the remaining Basque rebels, and as the Franco-Catalonian forces advanced up the Ebro, the Spanish forces had to fall back beyond the river, where they set up more organized defensive lines, with the help of volunteers. But the French did not give the Spaniards enough time to prepare their defenses and attacked again, shattering the fierce Spanish resistance at the village of Utebo outside of Zaragoza by outflanking the foe. In other spots, the Spanish troops, faced with an even greater prospect of outflanking, had to give ground. Though General Miguel Rojo y Castaneda pulled a masterful retreat towards Madrid, that was the only bright spot of the war for the Spanish so far, along with, perhaps, the eventual beginning of guerrila activities behind French lines. The Spanish Army of Catalonia, retreating southwards, was intercepted outside of Valencia at the town of Sagunto and routed, and the Spanish fleet only barely escaped from Valencia in time as Aragon fell to the French. By the end of the year, the fleur de lis could be seen from Madrid with but the simplest of equipment, and the only thing holding the French up was the need to consolidate gains and logistics (though some say that they also intended to intimidate the Congress and the people, in which they partly succeeded as well). In Italy, after a long siege, the Spanish garrison in Genoa had surrendered, Milan having fallen earlier. As if that was not bad enough, the French soon had yet another naval victory as the retreating Spanish force was pinned down between the French Mediterranean and Atlantic fleets and then destroyed by them in the epic Battle of Gibraltar, after which French marines assaulted and captured the Rock itself, taking advantage of Spanish negligence and inspiring a new series of republican risings in Andalusia. The unchallengeable French naval supremacy quickly forced the capitulation of Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearics. The lightly-defended Barbary Coast, or Spanish North Africa, was quickly overran by the French Foreign Legion, the Berber tribe leaders shrugging and recognizing the French military administration.
The year was not exactly the best in the history of Spain.
But to each action, there is a reaction, and the balance of power is not as easily broken as this. While Spain lost in the west, its Krakowian allies won in the east.
As soon as the Krakowian forces withdrew from Serbia, it was occupied by the Russian ones. Much like in Bulgaria, the Russians forced through a new constitution that formally turned Serbia into a Russian puppet via the position of General-Governor. This was intended as a measure that will ensure that Serbia does not try to flee from the Russian sphere of influence. It backfired, mostly because von Dunkelheit was not about to give the Russians enough time to consolidate their hold in Serbia, create a new government (the last one being held under arrest in Azov while the Duma debated as to what should be done with it) and crush resistance. Instead, he seized upon this casus belli, proclaimed that the Krakow Union would not stand for the Russian takeover of the Balkans as it violates the Treaty of Constantinople and struck out.
There was a notable difference between the way wars were carried out, and especially were started, in the west and the east. In the west, they begun with nationalist rallies, volunteers joining the army and outbursts of emotion, and themselves were fought on the principle of elan, with morale alternating rapidly and ambitious offensives, sometimes even resemblant of a zigzag, taking place as bold, dashing commanders were allowed quite a lot of private initiative. In the east, it was more solemn. There was no ancient hatred between the two Unions, and the leaders themselves were said to quite admire each other. And instead of private initiative and chaos, both armies valued disciplinne and order, and orderly advances of massive armies, and both acted upon a grand design of the Stavka and the Generalstab.
The Stavka sent troops to occupy Serbia; by now, they were already digging in, along with a stray Bulgarian division of the Priory Guards that was ordered to take positions alongside the Russians. The Generalstab dispatched troops to secure the bridges between Romania, Serbia and north-western Bulgaria, while the Guards of the Grand Chancellary, led by Feldmarschall Franz I, Head of the Guard, in person, advanced across the Dniester, their flanks covered by the regular forces that, however, seemed uneeded. After all, the Guard of the Grand Chancellary - GotGC - was the very best of the Krakowian army, a very secret unit which was used only once in combat before - in Venice. Now it reinforced its reputation of a lethal, unstoppable war machine by cutting its way through Russian defenses, and relentlessly advancing to the delta of the river, having cut off the Balkans from Russia with the line of defenses on the bank of the river they now captured. Meanwhile, Serbia was assaulted from several directions. The people, in their mass unsympathetic to both sides, welcomed the Krakowians as liberators just as they welcomed the Russians before that, and, earlier still, the Krakowians themselves, while the Russian forces were mostly caught betweeen the various Krakowian Army Groups and routed, though a few fought their way into Bulgaria, for all the good that that has done them, as the Krakowians soon overran Romania as well and then invaded Bulgaria, where they were helped by a popular anti-Russian rebel movement and defectors from the Bulgarian army. The remaining loyal Bulgarian forces and the Russian defenders fought bravely, but eventually were isolated and crushed, others fleeing into Byzantine territory into which, they hoped, the Krakowians would not pursue them. How naive. Although the Krakowians did NOT, as a matter of fact, chase them there...
Meanwhile, the Stavka's plan has not gone quite as well. Although the Russian Baltflot has easily destroyed the Krakowian fleet, and although its late-year (due to some problems with the Danish officials) blockade ruined the commerce going through Stettin, the Russian land operations went by rather badly, as at first they had hoped to lure the Krakowian army to attack Lithuania. But the Krakowian commanders knew better than that, if only because they were badly outnumbered vis-a-vis Russian border forces. Eventually, the Russians begun offensives anyway, and made gains, taking over much of Galicia, besieging Lvov (they were later fought off by Krakowian reinforcements) and, in the north, marching to the Vistula and defeating the Krakowians at Lomza. But it was too late. Reserves arrived, and Russian forces were stopped, though in the north they secured several bridges over the Vistula in anticipation of orders from the Stavka. The Generalstab and the Krakow Union won this round, but the Stavka and the Union of Russia-Lithuania-Romania (the latter bit being not very actual by now) were ready for many, many more.
These wars are yet to be officially merged into one, but by the value of the Franco-Bulgarian defense pact and the Krakowian alliance with Spain, it will come to be; and if all goes as it should go by paper, the Papacy should officially join ranks with Spain, while the Byzantines, who invaded the Papacy, should side with France, and at the same time with Russia due to the alliance with it; and also with France AND Russia Denmark-Norway should stand together, whilst Ireland and the Ausgsburg League have obligations before France alone. And who knows who else will join in, now that even the Shogun of Japan used the opportunity to strike against Spain?
NPC Diplo:
From: Abyssinian Empire
To: Sennar
It is believed that perhaps, peace negotiations would not be entirely out of order. Our conditions are the revision of border conflicts and the border its into Abyssinian favour, and the paying of tribute (1 eco. point per two turns) by Sennar to Abyssinia. You will be allowed to trade with France through Abyssinian territory (no cessions, though).
From: Arab Tribes
To: Ottoman Empire
We renew our plea for independence from the Ottoman Empire.
From: Borneans
To: Shogunate of Japan
We will agree to acknowledge your supreme authority without a battle, and provide troops if you need them for your other campaigns, but only if you grant us internal autonomy.
OOC:
andis-1, the Augsburg League is ruled by the Wittelsbachs.
Btw, I'd like to stress it once again that irregulars will never operate well outside of the territory where they were taken from - they are even worse than conscripts outside of it. Its probably best not to even try and control them outside of mere coordination. Also, from now on, if you don't give your war a good cause, I won't think up one for you and your confidence and military morale will suffer. And yes, as it happened I had made an example out of the Byzantine Empire - but it could have been anybody else had that anybody else launched such an unmotivated invasion and used irregulars in such a way.
I realize that I promised to give bonuses for stories posted after the deadline, but, alas, had to renege on this promise. If you DO want bonuses for those stories, simply repost them, I will not complain unless these were stories I DID give a bonus for, and yes, I do keep tabs on them, so don't even think of it.
