Please explain how the player is supposed to tell the difference.
Please solve the following mathematical system for me:
2x + y = 7
x + 3y = 5
You might think the answer is:
x = 16/5, y = 3/5
But nope, the second equation was hiding its true feelings, and said 5 instead of 11.
The true answer is x = 2, y = 3.
If A implies B, and B implies C, does A imply C?
Nope. B implies C was a bluff.
Exactly.... Civ diplomacy can no longer be 'solved' the same way you solve the economy or combat.
You CAN still solve City-State Diplomacy.
The idea is that for Civ diplomacy you solve it by changing the 'facts on the ground'.
To make Civ X not invade me, I have to make it more costly for them to invade me than beneficial.
It is more beneficial for them to invade me if I have cities near them. (especially if they asked me not to)
It is more costly for them to invade me if they believe I might give them gifts in the future
It is more beneficial for them to invade me if I am high on the score boards (a threat to their winning the game)
It is more costly for them to invade me if I have a powerful Military capability.
etc.
Essentially there are ways that 2 civs can play so that there is a minimum of interference between them (ie invading you now will divert me from my win path more than it will divert you from yours... so I won't invade you)
I think that is the purpose of the pacts of cooperation, etc.
You give a Pact of cooperation to civs that you are friends with (letting them know that invading them is jut too much bother for you right now... so why not work for some mutual benefit.)