These are some ideas to make Islam more interesting and appealing. Catholicism has the huge appeal of the Apostolic Palace and the chance to get new Shrines (Orthodox and Protestant). Islam needs more benefits to compete - hopefully these might encourage players to occasionally play as an Islamic Rome or Byzantium for a fresh change.
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== 1. Islam Spread by the Sword ==
This had been a unique feature of the Arab UP, but in reality is a signature of Islam in general. It's one of the major factors that made such a young religion so dominant in the world.
In vanilla RFC it's suitable as the Arab UP because of the only other two Islamic civs, Mali is largely peaceful, and the Ottomans' own UP more than make up for it. But with Leoreth's addition of the Moors,
Safavids and Mughals, it's a lot less realistic to restrict this to the Arab civ alone. Most tellingly, AI Mughals, Seljuks, and (it seems) Safavids and Ottomans already receive this bonus.
So, in conclusion, make this a universal bonus:
Islam spread to your newly conquered/flipped cities if it's your state religion.
The Arab civ may receive a (hidden) special version of this where non-Islamic religions are removed in addition to the spread of Islam.
Finally, this effect should expire with a late Renaissance tech such as Rifling/Economics.
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== 2. The Islamic Golden Age ==
What I wish to see is a representation of the sudden burst of technological advancement during the Islamic Golden Age which is currently absent from the game. This could be represented simply by a tech cost re-scale for Arabia during the Medieval Era, but it can be made a lot more fun than that, which will hopefully: (1) Give the Arab player something else to do before the Mongol Invasion other than conquering lightly defended barb cities and fending off barb waves; (2) Give the China player a realistic, serious challenge in terms of tech race during the Medieval period.
For balance and realism reasons I feel this is best represented by a Wonder which expires early, and most optimally built in a high pop city such as Baghdad. (To maintain the same total amount of Wonders, I propose that the Dome of the Rock be removed, as its effect is almost completely useless since Arabia doesn't get War Weariness from fighting Barbs, Indies, or Seljuks anyway. )
Wonder Name:
House of Wisdom
Available with Divine Right. Expires with Gunpowder/Printing Press.
Possible Effect 1: +2

per specialist in all cities. Old La Mezquita effect.
Possible Effect 2: +2

per population point in the city it is built. Like the Empire State Building, but with

instead of

. This will (hopefully) encourage supercity Baghdad.
Or it could be made the new Arab UP. The Power of the Islamic Golden Age: +1

+1

from Priest specialists till the end of the Medieval Era. But this is not as appealing as some other ideas for the Arab UP, and it precludes other Islamic civs from enjoying the effect.
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== 3. Muslim Agricultural Revolution ==
Regardless of the origins of the technologies in the Classical world, the effect is indisputable. Medieval Muslim metropolises such as Baghdad and Cordoba dwarf contemporary European cities due to superior agricultural technologies. And such an effect is absent from the game due to a combination of barbs, horrid AI city locations, and the Arab's slow growth due to late spawn and lack of resources.
I have one idea to change all that:
If your state religion is Islam, you can build Farms on Flood Plains/Desert, and Oasis/Desert tiles without Biology.
While this seems like an overpowering effect at first, its scale is actually extremely limited because of the limited distribution of Flood Plains and Oasis tiles:
- The Arabs will obviously benefit the most from this. It will help Arab cities in Egypt and Mesopotamia grow to decent sizes, while not affecting the growth of an Arab Rome or Constantinople.
- Hence, it will make those areas much more appealing targets for the Ottomans and Safavids.
- The Moors will not be able to compound this effect with their UP as their historical areas lack either of the two terrains.
- The Mughals can farm up the Indus and Genghis valleys to deal with the effect of closely packed cities and reach their 12 cities & GArtist UHVs easier.
Finally, to me personally,
this removes the obnoxiously unrealistic effect of medieval suburbia (i.e. Flood Plains packed with Cottages). Agricultural societies should be represented realistically as such.
In compensation, the GP rate of various Islamic civs may be decreased after testing, and Mughal UB can give Artist slot instead of free Artists.
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== 4. Islamic Civs UBs Adjustments ==
This is a modification I often use personally.
Arab Madrassa and Turkish Hammam count as Islamic religious buildings (same as how the Thai UB counts as a Buddhist religious building). This will let them benefit from Spiral Minaret and Univ. of Sankore. This can also be extended to the Mughal Mausoleum, which in their case give them double production speed with Khajuraho.
Specific ideas regarding the Arab Madrassa in the next post. In short, it should replace University and boost

.