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Empire in West Africa that rose to dominance in the 13th and 14th centuries. The Mali Empire was the second and most extensive of the three great successive empires, which included the Kingdom of Ghana and Songhai. The Mali Empire served as a model of statecraft for later kingdoms long after its decline in the 15th and 16th centuries.
The Mali Empire was strategically located near gold mines and the agriculturally rich interior floodplain of the Niger River. This region had been under the domination of the Ghana Empire until the middle of the 11th century. As Ghana declined, several short-lived kingdoms vied for influence over the western Sudan region. The small state of Kangaba, led by Sundiata Keita, defeated the nearby kingdom of Susu at the Battle of Kirina in 1235. The Susu had been led by the tyrannical king Sumanguru Kante. The clans of the heartland unified under Sundiata, now king of the vast region that was to become the Mali Empire. Under Sundiata and his immediate successors, Mali expanded rapidly west to the Atlantic Ocean, south deep into the forest, east beyond the Niger River, and north to the salt and copper mines of the Sahara. The city of Niani may have been the capital. At its height, Mali was a confederation of 3 independent, freely allied states (Mali, Mema, and Wagadou) and 12 garrisoned provinces. The king reserved the right to dispense justice and to monopolize trade, particularly in gold.
Mali's renown spread to the Islamic and European worlds when its king, Mansa Musa, made a pilgrimage to the Islamic holy city of Mecca (in what is now Saudi Arabia) in 1324 and 1325. He brought with him hundreds of camels laden with gold. Under Mansa Musa, Islam thrived in commercial centers such as Djenné and Tombouctou (Timbuktu) and penetrated the elaborate court life. However, in the following decades, court intrigue and succession disputes sapped the strength of the extended empire. By the early 14th century, the northern towns and provinces revolted. One of the first peoples to become independent, the Songhai, began to spread along the Niger River. Much of Mali fell to the Songhai Empire during the following century. Mali's legacy is the enduring cultural affiliation shared by the Mande language group, especially Mandinka (also known as Mandingo or Malinke), Bambara, and Soninke speakers, who today occupy the greater part of West Africa.
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