P.S The X after the Tech is the placement on the techtree..I used this as a guide. For example X1 is Language.
https://spreadsheets.google.com/spr...lodDl2a2tIYkVQSjBIRjRSb29YLW9NZ2c&output=html
Abacus
Tech: Barter -------> Abacus
Epoch: End of Prehistoric (x18)
Wonder: Abacus of the Sumerians (+15 % Gold in Capital City)
Obsolete : Mathmatics
Production Cost: Similar to A world Wonder ???
"The mathematical sciences particularly exhibit order, symmetry, and limitation; and these are the greatest forms of the beautiful." - Aristotle
Sevopedia
The abacus, also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia for performing arithmetic processes. It is the earliest calculating machine in the world.
The abacus was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral system and is still widely used by merchants, traders and clerks in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere. The user of an abacus is called an abacist.
The period 2700–2300 BC saw the first appearance of the Sumerian abacus, a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. Their are several variants of the abacus the were visible in the ancient world.
R
oman abacus
The normal method of calculation in ancient Rome, as in Greece, was by moving counters on a smooth table. Originally pebbles, calculi, were used. Later, and in medieval Europe, jetons were manufactured. Marked lines indicated units, fives, tens etc.
Chinese abacus
The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC. The abacus has a long history behind it. It was already mentioned in a book of the Eastern Han Dynasty, namely Supplementary Notes on the Art of Figures written by Xu Yue about the year 190 A. D. The similarity of the Roman abacus to the Chinese one suggests that one could have inspired the other, as there is some evidence of a trade relationship between the Roman Empire and China.
Indian abacus
First century sources, such as the Abhidharmakosa describe the knowledge and use of abacus in India. Around the 5th century, Indian clerks were already finding new ways of recording the contents of the Abacus. Hindu texts used the term shunya (zero) to indicate the empty column on the abacus.
Egyptian abacus
The use of the abacus in Ancient Egypt is mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus, who writes that the Egyptians manipulated the pebbles from right to left, opposite in direction to the Greek left-to-right method. Archaeologists have found ancient disks of various sizes that are thought to have been used as counters. However, wall depictions of this instrument have not been discovered.
Greek abacus
The earliest archaeological evidence for the use of the Greek abacus dates to the 5th century BC. The Greek abacus was a table of wood or marble, pre-set with small counters in wood or metal for mathematical calculations. This Greek abacus saw use in Achaemenid Persia, the Etruscan civilization, Ancient Rome and, until the French Revolution, the Western Christian world.
Persian abacus
During the Achaemenid Persian Empire, around 600 BC the Persians first began to use the abacus. Under Parthian and Sassanian Iranian empires, scholars concentrated on exchanging knowledge and inventions by the countries around them – India, China, and the Roman Empire, when it is thought to be expanded over the other countries.
Census
Tech: Sedentary Lifestyle ------>Census ------> Caste System
Epoch: Ancient Era (x22)
Unlocks Building : Bread For The People ( -7 gold , +2 Food + 2 Happy + 2 Health )
Obsolete: Guilds
Production Cost: 1/2 of Village Hall
“The true test of civilization is, not the census, nor the size of the cities, nor the crops, but the kind of man that the country turns out.” - Ralph Waldo Emerson
Sevopedia
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population.
The word is of Latin origin, "census" originated in ancient Rome from the Latin word censere ("to estimate"). The census played a crucial role in the administration of the Roman Empire, as it was used to determine taxes.
With few interruptions, it was usually carried out every five years It provided a register of citizens and their property from which their duties and privileges could be listed. It is said to have been instituted by the Roman king Servius Tullius in the 6th century BC, at which time the number of arms-bearing citizens was counted at around 80,000.
There are severa historicall accounts of The Ancient Greek and Mesopotamian city states carrying out censuses, with accounts of 1600 BC and earlier.
The world's oldest surviving census data comes from China, first to have a recorded census over 4000 years ago.
Census and The Grain Supply
Roman Emperors used the census, to provide free or greatly subsidized grain to keep the populace fed. A portion of the grain collected as revenue for the state as taxation was sold or given for free to citizens. The political use of the grain supply along with gladiatorial games and other entertainments gave rise to the saying "Bread and circuses",[ circuses as in gladitator fights] . Augustus is known to have taken a census of Roman citizens at least three times, in 28 BC, 8 BC, and 14. There is also evidence that censuses were taken at regular intervals during his reign in the provinces of Egypt and Sicily, important because of their wealthy estates and supply of grain.
The film Gladiator includes a scene where the crowds are showered with loaves of bread just as the gladiators enter the ring. It was the basic Roman formula for the well-being of the population, and hence a political strategy unto itself.
Throughout most of the Republican era, the care of the grain supply (cura annona) was part of the aedile's duties. An aedile was an officer of the Roman Republic who was incharge, maintenance of public buildings and regulation of public festivals. They also had powers to enforce public order.
The expense for the free or greately subsized grain was considerable, and Julius Caesar later reformed the dole. Augustus considered abolishing it altogether, but instead reduced the number of the recipients to 200,000, and perhaps later 150,000.
without having any artdefines for the change.
