Nationalism in Contemporary Soviet Union
Excerpts from article in The World Review, by foreign affairs analyst and "Soviet hand" Rasul Nasri of the DB Corporation:
Despite all the talk of “unity” and “brotherhood”, the Soviet Union has not been entirely successful in transcending or suppressing nationalist identities. The revolutionary euphoria of 1965 has given way to a more cautious or suspicious view of the Soviet state among the country’s numerous restless ethnic minorities, and a new desire for independence and self-determination.
The Soviet approach to national identities since 1955 has taken quite an interesting path. In the pre-Reformation Amurian Republic, the state attempts to embrace all the various nationalities in one single overarching idealized framework of Soviet unity. The Amurians encouraged multiethnic communities, and encouraged multilingualism, over strong objections from the local soviets. It soon became clear that the Amurian leadership overestimated the migrants’ ability to integrate, the locals’ ability to accept the new migrants, and grossly underestimated the resistance that the attempt to obliterate traditional culture caused, as evident by the Soviet response to the Shenyang Riot. It became even more difficult to maintain this policy as Amurian control expands into the rest of the former Soviet territories, and encountered strong nationalist sentiments, particularly in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.
Upon the Reformation of the Soviet Union, the Soviets went back to the approach that was tried, at least in theory, during the Transition (Stalinist period), and divided the country into multiple self-governing national republics where the culture of the constituent nationalities is protected and promoted. During the Transition this was all window-dressing, but the new, more liberal Soviet leadership resolved to make it work. The Soviet Republics and Autonomous Republics were given a large degree of autonomy upon Reformation, and even more when the new constitution came into effect. The Soviet Union did away with restrictions regarding national self-expression, in the hope that its nationalities would be adequately satisfied and remain in the Soviet Union. Republics are even allowed to retain their pre-Soviet flags, the ultimate nationalist symbolism.
At the same time, the Soviet leadership sought to eliminate, as much as possible, cultural and ethnic barriers between its people. The new leadership abandoned the old Amurian “Shock Therapy” approach in favor of a more gradual process of national coexistence and eventual synthesis into a kind of All-Soviet national identity. It’s a very ambitious project, given the strong national identities of many Soviet peoples, and mutual antagonism between many of them (the animosity between the Turks and the Armenians, for instance, still lingers and occasionally caused violence despite official attempts at reconciliation). The Soviet leadership employed resettlement, albeit this time they encouraged voluntary migration rather than employed forced resettlement. The Soviet Union encouraged people of various cultures and ethnicities from all over the country to move to Moscow, and the three sparsely Siberian republics, with the result that within a decade these areas are thoroughly multiethnic. Generally it’s been regarded as a success; however, attempts to do this to other republics with stronger nationalist identities have caused resistance and, where the republics can’t actively resist, resentment. The Baltic and Caucasian states are the most vocal (as much as officially permitted by the Soviet regime) opponents of this policy, and the Turkish Soviet Republic repeatedly tried to pass laws restricting immigration, which were repeatedly vetoed by Moscow.
The “National Integration” policies of the Soviet Union have generated quite a fair amount of controversy and resistance, that even TASS could not ignore the issue. Ethnic minorities saw the process variously as destruction, corruption and Russification, and while the Soviet authorities, and Russians especially, see the resistance towards the process as separatism. And indeed in many cases the Policies have caused an unintended effect of resurrecting nationalist independence movements. Expressing the desire for independence openly is, of course, counter-revolutionary and you can be sure the KGB would be knocking on your door in no time. But it’s happening, and the Soviet leadership, who had previously turned a blind eye towards it, is now starting to crack down. Hundreds of Lithuanian writers, for example, were arrested last year. The Soviet military presence in Finland and Turkey was increased and became a lot more conspicuous. In a few cases the authorities made a few concessions to the nationalists, but it’s a tricky game. Too many or too little concessions and the unity of the Union could be jeopardized. The Soviet Union may be able to keep the lid on nationalism for now, while it is economically and politically successful, but when cracks start to appear in the system, as they eventually must, there’s no guarantee that all the nationalities would prefer to remain in the Soviet Union, rather than leave to pursue their own destiny.