News from Europe
ENGINEER INVENTS NEW STEAM HAMMER. Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain. The industrial revolution took another leap forward this year as an inventor in the United Kingdom pioneered a new technology to increase production. The new "steam hammer" has been created as a powerful way to hammer metals and shape them into new forms. The steam hammer has proven effective in being used for railroad work, as well as creating other valuable machines for industry. The technology has proven incredibly successful at what it does, and seems to be one of the first ways to use machines to build new machines. The British have clearly surged ahead in technical innovation with this advance, and Spanish industries are spending whatever it takes to catch up in this vital new industrial technology.
DANES ESTABLISH NEW CONSTITUTION. Copenhagen, Denmark. The republican revolution of 1842 in Denmark has led to dramatic reform of the government's policies and new speculation upon the future. With the assistance of a number of advisors from the Republic of the Netherlands, the Danes have been doing their best to reorganize their state and establish a lasting constitution for the management of their nation. After careful consideration it was suggested that the monarchy be restored with no actual power of state. While Christian VIII remains deposed in Sweden, the Danes have invited his son Frederick to return and assume the now vacant throne of Denmark. The new King Frederick VII has been given no legitimate political power, which primarily now rests in the hands of the Chancellor of the Danish nation. The legislature continues to possess the lion's share of power in Denmark, ruling all important aspects of the nation. The first elections were held this year as the conservative Guards Party won the majority of seats, thanks to extensive financing from the wealth and elite of Danish society. (+1 Stability)
RIOTING IN BRITTANY. Nantes, Brittany. Liberal unrest has once again raised its ugly head in Brittany, as protestors once more went to the barricades, demanding reform and change for the Breton state. The Breton government has continued to refuse any calls for the establishment of an elected legislature or the turning over of political passes to any appointed body either. The aristocracy continues to support the monarchy against the protestors, and the army was soon called out to restore order in the streets of Nantes. The situation has only worsened as portions of the army have refused to fire upon the rioters and barricades, and desertions have been growing at an alarming rate. Eventually, as more troops arrived, the barricades eventually were either brought down or the rioters tired, and evacuated. Regardless, a large number of armed individuals have joined the liberal cause, and the overall situation in Brittany has taken a turn for the worse. (-1 Stability, -2 Infantry Brigades)
COSSACKS ATTACKED BY KIEVAN PATROL. Poltava, Kiev. An incident has occurred this year, greatly straining the relationship between Kiev and Moscowy, as a group of Cossacks began infiltrating once more into Kiev's territory. Thanks to the treaty ending the Cossack rebellion, the Cossacks remain heavily armed and view themselves simply regaining lost territory in Kiev. The Kievans have done their best to corral the migration, and this year tensions came to a head with a Kievan attack upon a Cossack settlement. The settlement was targeted as the west-most point of Cossack settlement in Kiev, and the soldiers razed the encampment, allegedly slaughtering all within, including women and children. The result has been growing outrage against the Kievans among the Cossacks, as they continue to petition for war in Moscow. (-1 Stability in Kiev and Moscowy)
RIOTING IN SERBIA. Belgrade, Serbia. The Hungarian satellite state of Serbia has come under siege this year as liberal dissent begins manifesting into unrest. A nation which has so far remained immune to liberal dissent, Serbia has only recently begun stabilizing in terms of military and economy since their independence from the Roman Empire. The Serbian people have demanded that King Stephan II turn over power to an elected legislature and give up his iron hold upon the government. With backing from Hungary, King Stephan continues to refuse all such demands and the result has been the outbreak of a series of riots in Belgrade. The army has been forced to declare martial law in the Serbian capital, and there have been a growing number of deaths as force is used to preserve order. Regardless these attempts have proven somewhat successful, as the most radical and outspoken of the liberals managed to get themselves shot or arrested throughout the year. (-2 Manpower, +1 Stability)
DEATH OF THE KING OF BRANDENBURG. Berlin, Brandenburg. King Charles II of Brandenburg passed away this year, ending his rule over the Germanic nation. This has also marked the tactful withdrawal of Brandenburg from the ongoing hostilities of the Third Venetian War, ending their fight against Austria. The government of Brandenburg has attributed this cease fire as a period of mourning for the death of the king, and have focused their efforts on minimizing the view that the war was lost. The king's son, Wilhelm has assumed the mantle of the monarchy and has focused his efforts upon restoring the political connections in the region, particularly in building new ties with Hanover and Bavaria. As tensions rise to the west with the Kingdoms of Paris-Burgundy mobilizing unheard of numbers of soldiers, many are uncertain about what kind of king Wilhelm is going to be.
DEATH OF THE KING OF NOVGOROD. Novgorod, Novgorod. After several years of poor health brought on by an unknown disease, King Mikhail IV passed away this year in Novgorod. The king was known for being king over a divided nation, created by the crises of earthquakes, war, and famine. The result was the loss of substantial powers to feudal lords, who have been less than diligent about their own duties, some more loyal to Sweden or Moscowy than any local monarch. Most had previously been deposed during the reign of Andrei III and his disreputable marshal who nearly led the nation to ruin. The new King Mikhail V has proven to be cut of a different cloth than his father. Many report that he seems to be interested in restoring a centralized state, which many lords are not entirely enthusiastic about. (-1 Stability)
DUTCH ELECTIONS BRING UPSET. Amsterdam, Republic of the Netherlands. To the shock and surprise of many both inside and outside of the Republic of the Netherlands, Stadtholder Mappa has been ousted from office. The aging Dutch Stadtholder has been ruling the Netherlands for over twenty years, since the republic was first established during the Dutch Revolution. Recent dramatic changes in European politics and the worsening situation in Burgundy have caused great fear to emerge over the future of the Republic. The conservative Exercitiegenootschappen has faced extensive criticism for a number of economic as well as political policies, and many feel that it is time for a change in management. Furthermore, Mappa is no longer as vigorous as he once was, losing advocates and supporters. The liberal Patriots' Party has for the first time managed to win the elections and assume control of the republic. (+1 Stability)
THIRD VENETIAN WAR CONTINUES. Milan, Kingdom of Savoy-Milan. The third war over the fate of Venice, spurred by the drive to unite Italy, has continued to drive ever forward between Austria and Savoy-Milan. The war has escalated a bit further with the entry of the Hungarian army into the fighting in Tuscany and the invasion of Sicily by Naples. Hungary has continued its vow to preserve the independence of Tuscany from Savoy-Milan, and thus has sent a sizeable army to fight, and its navy to protect the coastline. Naples, having refused to recognize the loss of Sicily after the Second Venetian War, has refused to accept that Sicily is no longer their territory. Covertly welcomed by the Sicilian aristocracy and approved of by Pope Leo XIII, the Neapolitans have at last made their move to restore their territory to King Ferdinand. After a year's worth of heavy fighting, it seems that the tide has begun tilting toward the allies, with the fall of Sicily an Austrian victories in the north. See our special section below this one for the full details on the war.
NAPLES AND HUNGARY SIGN NAVAL AGREEMENT. Naples, Naples. As the Third Venetian War continues to rage, and the allies seek out more support for the war against Savoy-Milan, the kingdoms of Naples and Hungary have reached a new agreement. In exchange for the recognition of Sicily as Neapolitan territory and support at sea for the invasion, the Neapolitans have granted the use of their naval facilities for Hungarian warships. The agreement has also allowed the Hungarians to set up limited facilities at any Neapolitan naval base, in order to administer their ships. This has all been billed as a reward for Hungary's support in the ongoing war, though some people believe this could establish unwelcome Hungarian influence in the local government.
MAJOR REFORMS AMID UNREST IN SWEDEN. Stockholm, Sweden. The Swedes, seemingly on the brink of revolution and chaos, have passed a number of emergency reforms this year, attempting to hold back the tide. First of all, Stockholm was wracked by the largest rebellion yet, as tens of thousands took to the streets, erecting barricades, and nearly overrunning the central royal palace. The army was unable to take back any of the territory by force, and desertions continues to grow at a fevered pitch. At last, in order to at least appease some of the liberal rebels, Queen Christina II agreed to call together an elected Rikstag. Swedes have been allowed the vote for the Rikstag, and this has done much to calm the masses, as the barricades were willingly taken down. New elections have been prepared for next year, as the government appeals for calm in the meantime. It has been clearly stated that a significant amount of power continues to rest in the hands of the monarchy, which possesses sole control over the army. Furthermore, the new Statliga Polisen has been established, swearing allegiance only to the monarchy. The new force has been stated its goals to hunt down and eliminate or arrest any threat to the monarch or the Rikstag, rooting out internal dissent. The hope is with these new changes in Swedish politics, and the upcoming initial elections in 1844, the situation in Sweden will stabilize. (+1 Stability, -5 Manpower, -3 Infantry Brigades)
PARIS TERRIFIES WESTERN EUROPE WITH RECRUITMENT DRIVE. Paris, Kingdoms of Paris-Burgundy. In a massive military buildup of unprecedented proportions, the Kingdoms of Paris-Burgundy have enlarged their standing army by over a hundred and forty thousand men. This has shaken the courts of Western Europe, as many kings issue protests and warnings against King Louis' buildup, claiming that it threatens the stability of the region. The buildup has sparked a similar amount of fevered military training and construction across the region, as many fear that they may be the target of Paris-Burgundian aggression. Reservists and armies have been called up, as they move to Burgundy's borders, hoping to hold off whatever attack may come. (-1 Army Quality)
PORTUGAL BEGINS ELECTION CYCLES. Lisbon, Portugal. As a new call for change in the reform of Portugal to a more democratic society, the final constitutional foundations have been laid for the General Assembly. The General Assembly will hold elections every two years, in order to expedite the change and confusion that comes with the election process. Other European nations are observing at how the rapidly changing political map of Portugal will affect its stability, but the liberals in the Portuguese nation feel fairly optimistic about their choice. The first elections were held this year, as King Pedro V opened the elections to the literate masses of Portugal. King Pedro V endorsed the Party of Order for the elections, hoping to maintain a fairly conservative government and national agenda. His endorsement proved successful as the conservative Party of Order has gained full control of the General Assembly, promising to maintain a centralized and cohesive government. (+1 Stability)
DENMARK COMPLETES FISHING DEVELOPMENT, BEGINS PAVING. Copenhagen, Denmark. A several year program designed to incentivize and develop the Danish fishing industry came to a conclusion this year, and has proven to be a considerable success. Providing funds and supplies to fishermen in Denmark, Iceland, and Greenland has been the cornerstone of the plan, hoping to finance that part of Danish industry. The efforts have proven successful, as fishermen are providing with modern equipment, including a few experimental steam-powered fishing craft. Upon the success of this program, the Danish government has begun a limited effort in paving roads in both Denmark and Iceland. The hope is to create jobs, as well as to bring up Danish infrastructure to the standard of other modern European nations. The effort has been begun with cooperation from Hanover, pledging to use their abilities to improve and expand trade between the two nations.
KIEV BEGINS NAVAL CONSTRUCTION. Sevastopol, Kiev. The King of Kiev, after sending out emissaries to report upon the successes of other European nations, has come to the conclusion that a modern and powerful state requires a navy to be successful. The Kievan government has therefore begun sponsoring the construction of new infrastructure in the town of Sevastopol to lay the foundations for the building of a navy. The military has commended this effort, but hopes that the will and resources of any new navy would be subservient to the whims of the army. Concerns have emerged as tensions mount with Moscowy, facing the threat of a new war in the east against a Moscovite or greater Cossack invasion.
SARDINIA COMPLETES PAVING PROGRAM. Cagliari, Sardinia. The island nation of Sardinia continues to showcase its growing wealth thanks to the wars ravaging the Italian Peninsula. The Third Venetian War has only furthered the growing prosperity of Sardinia, as neutral trade of all kinds makes its way through the port of Cagliari. The Sardinians have used these funds to complete a long awaited modernization of the local roads, paving old paths and building bridges over streams and rivers. The economy continues to swell locally as the war continues to worsen. This has sparked some concerns of the security, or lack thereof of Sardinia against invasion, but the king has pledged that future growth will be focused towards limited naval expansion and improved relations with both Spain and Hungary.
SPECIAL: Third Venetian War
THE WAR AT SEA. Genoa, Kingdom of Savoy-Milan. The war at sea continued to be dominated by the naval conflict between Hungary and Savoy-Milan, as the Hungarians attempted to eliminate the remnants of Savoy-Milan's fleet. The Italians, fairly optimistic about the performance of their new Dutch steamships, found them unpleasantly incomparable to the Hungarian British ones. The Hungarians easily located, and destroyed the Italian navy early in the year, establishing a blockade over Savoy-Milan's ports, raiding their naval facilities, and blinding them to enemy naval movements. This put a serious crimp in the plans of Savoy-Milan in the defense of Sicily, as well as preventing the arrival of Hungarian reinforcements in Tuscany.
Casualty Lists
Hungary: 5 Third Rate Warships
Kingdom of Savoy-Milan: 4
Virjheid-class Warships
INVASION OF SICILY. Taranto, Naples. The kingdom of Naples made their move to restore their situation from the loss of the Second Venetian War this year with the invasion of Sicily, to take it from Savoy-Milan. Refusing to recognize the right of King Charles Albert to rule Sicily, Naples declared war, and began an invasion of the island. The army landed at Messina in overwhelming numbers, supported by a small Hungarian expeditionary force as well. They possessed more than twice the numbers and firepower of the local army deployed by Savoy-Milan, which rushed to defend Messina against attack. The result, to no one's surprise, was a major victory for Naples and Hungary. However, the army of Savoy-Milan fought to the last, with the support of local volunteers, and they exacted a heavy toll upon the invading force. Regardless, the fall of the army in Messina left the rest of the island open to rapid conquest, facing only limited local resistance as the island was captured.
Casualty Lists
Hungary: 1 Infantry Brigade, 2 Cavalry Brigades
Naples: 6 Infantry Brigades, 1 Cavalry Brigade, 3 Artillery Brigades
Kingdom of Savoy-Milan: 6 Infantry Brigades, 2 Cavalry Brigades, 2 Artillery Brigades
FIGHTING IN TUSCANY. Florence, Tuscany. The heaviest fighting and largest battles of the war took place in the allied nation of Tuscany, which faced a continuing invasion from Savoy-Milan. A fresh army invaded along the coast early in the year, constantly being harassed by Hungarian naval raids and attacks from the sea. The papal army was the first to confront them, hoping to prevent Tuscany's main ports from being captured by the enemy. The papal armies had superior numbers and positioning, but were able to lure the Savoy-Milan army into a battle regardless. The Pope's army won a substantial victory, forcing the new invasion to retreat out of Tuscany, and preserving allied control of the Tuscan coast. Things took a turn for the worse for an allied cause earlier as the army of Savoy-Milan began its true offensive towards Florence. The Tuscan army, woefully outnumbered, did its best to stop them with a delaying action, but then retreated into Florence to prepare for a siege. With their reinforcements beaten in the west by the pope's army, the army of Savoy-Milan was forced to besiege the city the best they could, until at last a new battle was forced. The army of Hungary arrived, after landing at Ancona and marching across the mountains. The forces of Savoy-Milan were forced to respond with a slightly smaller army, as a good number had to be kept in the siege lines outside of Florence. They managed to force a stalemate upon the Hungarians, without their lines breaking, but without routing the Hungarian army. The Hungarians suffered heavy casualties, demonstrating that the superior firepower of the Italians was more than enough to win the battle. The stalemate at Vicchio was enough to stall the allies for a time, until papal reinforcements arrived from their victorious campaign along the coast. The united allied army attacked to relieve the siege of Florence and drive back Savoy-Milan's army. To the shock of the allies, Savoy-Milan's army managed to anticipate this move, and in a stunning series of mountain battles, the army managed to first rout the Hungarians, then capture Florence from the Tuscans, and lastly, block the Pope's attempt to retake the city in a pitched battle, leaving all armies involved exhausted and battered.
Casualty Lists
Hungary: 12 Infantry Brigades, 7 Cavalry Brigades, 9 Artillery Brigades
Papal States: 7 Infantry Brigades, 1 Cavalry Brigade, 2 Artillery Brigades
Tuscany: 4 Infantry Brigades, 1 Cavalry Brigade, 1 Artillery Brigade
Kingdom of Savoy-Milan: 19 Infantry Brigades, 4 Cavalry Brigades, 7 Artillery Brigades
FIGHTING NEAR VENICE. Trento, Austria. As the war raged onward in Tuscany, the Austrians made a new bid to regain control of Venice and the surrounding area. The first battles were fought near the town of Trento, as the allied army pushed south into Savoy-Milan, attempting to bring the fight to the enemy's home. The army of Savoy-Milan, after wrecking havoc upon the allied supply lines with cavalry and guerilla raids, finally engaged in battle with the invading force north of Verona. Through a miracle of combat, the allied army won the battle, but were so badly mauled in the process they began retreating north. At this point, the Savoy-Milanese were dismayed to discover that the army they were fighting was predominantly Bavarian, with only a few token Austrian units. The Bavarians withdrew back to Trento, just as the main battles in the east began. The main Austrian invasion came in the east near Udine, as the main Austrian army crossed, and the Italians marched to meet them. The Italians were woefully outmatched and numbered, and were utterly surprised and defeated by the much better trained and larger Austrian army. The Italians were utterly routed and forced to flee west, and Trieste was recaptured from the invaders. Some good news was at last had though, when the Austrians attempted to retaken Venice, and the local garrison and volunteers held them back with the remnants of the larger Italian army late in the year.
Casualty Lists
Austria: 6 Infantry Brigades, 1 Cavalry Brigade, 1 Artillery Brigade
Bavaria: 5 Infantry Brigades, 1 Cavalry Brigade, 2 Artillery Brigades
Kingdom of Savoy-Milan: 12 Infantry Brigades, 3 Cavalry Brigades, 3 Artillery Brigades