approximate boundaries
It was said that there were only two empires in the world. The empire of Chandragupt Maurya in the east, and the empire that Alexander forged from the West, but just as there cannot be two suns in the sky, there could not be two empires in the world both claiming the pedestal of supreme glory. Alexander had set his sights on the East, so he rode out from Persepolis to conquer to the Sindhu and beyond.
The momentous news from the West had not gone on deaf ears. Prime Minister Acharya Vishnugupt Chanakya had his ears on the affairs of the West. His spies were scattered over the collapsing realm of Persia. Among them was Guptachr Rudragupt.
One evening, the Acharya was busy writing what would be his seminal work, The Arthashastra - A comprehensive treatise on statecraft and economy. "THOSE orphans (asambandhinah) who are to be necessarily fed by the state and are put to study science, palmistry (angavidya), sorcery (máyágata), the duties of the various orders of religious life, legerdemain (jambhakavidya), and the reading of omens and augury (antara-chakra), are classmate spies or spies learning by social intercourse (samsargavidyasatrinah)..".
A knock on his door disturbed the Acharya from his work, normally he would answer such disturbances with scorn. He had made it a point that none would disturb him when he worked on his book. But if someone dared to do so, then there could be only one reason. "Guptachr Rudragupt!" the Acharya exclaimed, he opened the door of his chamber to find his spy, Rudragupt standing and panting. "Acharya.... I bring you.. dire news" "sit down Rudragupt".
After Rudragupt had relaxed himself, he began explaining his report to the Acharya. "I have been keeping my eye on the affairs from Persia as you had commanded Acharya. Darius has accepted the servitude of Alakshendra. Now Alexander has started to march East upon Bharata." "Tell me guptachr, what are Alexander's strengths and weaknesses that you have learnt of from Persia?" the question brought a sly smile to Rudragupt's face. "They say in the West that Alakshendra, is a son of God. They say that he is invincible in battle. In Persia, I saw this myth broken". The spy went on and described the two greatest weaknesses that plagued Alexander's empire.
From Greece to Persia, the empire faces revolts all around itself. The army is constantly replenished from new fighters from Macedon, but with each conscription Alexander's popularity in his homeland plummets. It was true, that the hoplites were near invincible in battle and are reputed to have brought down armies twice their size, but when it came to besieging a city, is where their weakness was shown.
"In the final days of the siege, Alakshendra ordered an assault on the city, with his beleagured troops. True, persepolis was starving and its citizens reduced to feeding on rats and cats, but Alakshendra's army was no better. Years went on his troops had not seen any hard fighting only peasant rebels fighting for the liberation of their homeland. Hence, their morale has weakened. Every fresh soldiers that comes from Macedon comes with dreams of glory only to bloody their hand in shame" said Rudragupt, "Are there any among the Persians who may be our ally?" Chanakya asked, steepling his fingers, "There is one. When Darius and his ministers all agreed to surrender to Alakshendra and accept their humiliating servitude, it was only Bessus a Kshatrap of the lands South of Herat, who resisted. They say he escaped the day Alakshendra and his army feasted in Persepolis, and left that city a bloody mess." "And he seeks to take refuge in our empire" Chanakya added. "Acharya, you already know!" "no, I merely estimated". Acharya Chanakya seldom smiled, but when he did, it was a terrible sight to behold.
His first act was to consult with Samrat Chandragupt Maurya. The samrat was the Acharya's superior, but between them, they were still master and student. When Acharya Chanakya came before the samrat, it was the samrat who bowed before the Acharya and touched his feet, like a pupil. "Uthisht Bharat!"(Arise Bharata), that was the blessing Chanakya would give to his pupil. "Acharya, why trouble yourself with coming to me ? You could have just called and I would come.." "We can discuss niceties another time Chandragupt. The time has come what we had forseen, Alakshendra marches North to the borders of Bharat" "So he has finally decided to declare war on us?" "I have taught you for over twenty years Chandragupt today your guru asks for a gurudakshina" "Tell me O Acharya, what do you demand" "My gurudakshina Samrat Chandragupt, is for you to defend the Bharat against the Yavanas. Bring me the news of victory, and that shall be my Gurudakshina." "With your guidance Acharya, Bharat will win against the Yavan" saying this, the emperor prostrated before the Acharya to seek his blessings and guidance "Uthisht Bharata!"
Edicts were made in every Janapad and in the five major cities of the empire. It was now war and wartime measures had to be implemented. Grants for scientific research were curtailed so money could be made available for mercenary contracts, two more mercenary armies were hired. One thousand Charioteers from the far South, and a thousand more Elamite charioteers from the borders of Persia. The citizens of Kashi and Indraprasth would be forced to work to complete the Catapults in time. Soon the army of Bharat would be able to stand with the best of militaries in the world.
The use of forced labor was to be shunned as far as possible. It reminded the people of the worst purges of Dhananand and his corrupt regime, but war brings out the worst. Samrat Chandragupt, who had come to power to end the tyranny of the Nandas would now have to make use of the same tyranny. To justify his actions, he would invoke nationalism :
"The nation beckons! lay down your ploughs to take up the sword. Put down your picks and take up the war hammer! Shudr, Vaishya, Brahman and Kshatriya, you are all sons of Bharata. This land that is your mother, is being threatened by invaders from the West ! Would you sit by and watch them ravage your mother ! Then how can you not sacrifice when your motherland calls for it ! If you die for the defense of Bharat, I assure you, you will be reborn as nobility!"
Chandragupt's speeches would arouse patriotic fervor in his people. In Varanasi and Indraprasth, thousands would give up their ploughs and tools to work on machines of war. But it was no easy thing to do. The cities shrank. Kashi and Kuru suffered a famine which killed over a hundred thousand of their people. This was the cost of building the massive catapults that would rain death upon Alexander and his army.
The famine was heavy on Chandragupt's conscience, he felt as though he had failed the people as their samrat. It was Chanakya who reminded Chandragupt of his duty, his duty as a samrat was to defend the realm. Later that day, the emperor and his prime minister sat to discuss strategy. The first priority was to delay Alexander's march so as to help the Mauryan army prepare itself.
"There are two options before us, one is of Tooshyudha, whereby we make use of espionage to weaken the enemy from within, the other is Kootyuddha, whereby we destroy the enemy's means of sustenance and undermine his power." "We may use both" Chandragupt said, "Our garrison in Herat is weak, but they are within range of harassing the very Northern borders of the Seleucid domains." "It is a good position to harrow the enemy, reports have come of the Persians planning to breed the horses from the region, for which they have sent colonizers to establish a pastoral village. We can stop them if we capture these colonizers". So began the Kootyudha.
"And what of the Tooshyuddha, Acharya Chanakya ?" "For that, we make use of our ally" "Who?" Chanakya smiled "Bessus". Kshatrap Bessus knew the region around Persia's northern borders well, for those were his domains before his exile. He knew of tribes living in the mountains North West of Persepolis by an inland sea. Chandragupt made a surplus of twenty mounds of gold available to him to buy their loyalty. These men who were loyal to Persian crown, would now turn against Darius and against Alexander. Through them would begin the Tooshyuddha.
"But these tactics will only delay the enemy, it won't destroy him" Chandragupt rightly noted, "Delay is key Samrat. It would give us time to concentrate our forces to the West" "But why Takshashila Acharya ?" To this Acharya Chanakya gave a long explanation :
"Remember Chandragupt, our war does not end with Alakshendra, if anything it only begins with him. Bharata is yet to be united, if this can be done through peace then it is fine, if not then we must use force of arms. If the kingdom comes in the way of the realm, then the kingdom must be annihilated. Victory over Alakshendra would show the rest of the realm our strength and capability. Kalinga and the Cholas would either bow to us or be destroyed. What better place to destroy them from than Takshashila? From there we can guard our Western frontier, attack the south along the Western coast, and it is an excellent centre of commerce, culture and industry."
History would record the wisdom of concentrating the entire army of Bharat on to Takshashila. For it was there that Alexander would mount his ambitious attack yet. "What course do we take to India, Alexander ?" asked Seleucus, "We shall go West to our side of the Indus, and from there follow the river north" Alexander replied "That would bring us to Taxiles!" "Which is precisely where I mean to attack!" "Do so, but only if you mean to doom us Alexander!" Seleucus exclaimed in shock, it was known from informants that Takshashila was where the Mauryans had assembled their best forces and built up a near impregnable defense. Only the full might of the whole Alexandrian army could defeat it, yet Alexander hoped to capture that city, with only twenty five thousand.
"I have led us this far Seleucus, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, Phoenicia and Anatolia, all have fallen to our armies under my leadership. Then India too shall fall." "Not in Taxiles, my emperor. I implore you, to change course to the far North." Seleucus reasoned, for Herat was not well defended and considered ripe for the picking, its location in India's western frontier was considered of good strategic value. "To the North ? Where there are only deserts ? How do you think my men would survive the march ? By moving along the banks of the Indus, we have water and villages to replenish our troops to our march North." "Where your men would fight to the death" "No Seleucus, they would fight to win", Seleucus seemed overcome with doubt and fear "My liege, I implore you, this march is suicide. We may conquer india yet, but not here and not now. This is a mistake" "Seleucus! Do you doubt on the righteousness of this quest ? Or do you doubt that the sons of Macedonia lack in courage or strength ?" "Ask that to your own men Alexander, for twenty years Greeks have not known peace, every young warrior from Greece is being conscripted to keep your dream of empire. You have twenty thousand where you should have a hundred thousand marching with you. Why do you think more did not come ?!"
Alexander did not answer Seleucus question, rather on the night, he addressed his forces which were now seven day's march from Taxiles. Seleucus was speaking the truth, the men no longer had the spirit nor vigour which drove Alexander's conquests throughout the known world. It was here, that we would see Alexander's finest moment when he would give a speech to arouse his men :
"I observe, gentlemen, that when I would lead you on a new venture you no longer follow me with your old spirit. I have asked you to meet me that we may come to a decision together: are we, upon my advice, to go forward, or, upon yours, to turn back?
If you have any complaint to make about the results of your efforts hitherto, or about myself as your commander, there is no more to say. But let me remind you: through your courage and endurance you have gained possession of Ionia, the Hellespont, both Phrygias, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Lydia, Caria, Lycia, Pamphylia, Phoenicia, and Egypt; the Greek part of Libya is now yours, together with much of Arabia, lowland Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Susia; Persia and Media with all the territories either formerly controlled by them or not are in your hands; you have made yourselves masters of the lands beyond the Caspian Gates, beyond the Caucasus, beyond the Tanais, of Bactria, Hyrcania, and the Hyrcanian sea; we have driven the Scythians back into the desert; and Indus and Hydaspes, Acesines and Hydraotes flow now through country which is ours. With all that accomplished, why do you hesitate to extend the power of Macedon--your power--to the Hyphasis and the tribes on the other side ? Are you afraid that a few natives who may still be left will offer opposition? Come, come! These natives either surrender without a blow or are caught on the run--or leave their country undefended for your taking; and when we take it, we make a present of it to those who have joined us of their own free will and fight on our side."
The speech aroused the dormant lion in the heart of every Greek soldier who heard it. With spears and shields in their arms, the men cried the chant of victory and headed North along with their supplies and catapults. It was not long before they reached the hills of Gandhar and faced the garrison of Takshashila before them.