Woo, put history part 4 up! And now, enjoy a piece on the Mexican civil war!
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When first becoming independent, many in Mexico thought their nation was equal, if not more powerful, than the United States, but the humiliating defeat in the Mexican-American War put that notion to rest. After losing a third of its territory, Mexico slid into decades of civil unrest, seeing governments ran by meglomaniac dictators and criminals. It would be in 1886 that the United States, having recovered from the Third Anglo-American War and looking to provoke a fourth, intervened, nominally on behalf of border towns that had been raided by Mexican revolutionaries.
This intervention culminated in an American puppet regime taking power in Mexico City. Initially, this regime was virtually indistinguishable from some of the more corrupt previous regimes, with the lighter skinned Mexicans of European descent holding power over the darker skinned mestizo and Indian populations. Protestant preachers did set up churches in major cities, but there was overall very little change to Mexico’s way of life. However, after the American victory in the Fourth Anglo-American war in 1896, the Americans began ramping up the pressure on Mexico. Institutions that could threaten American authority were harassed, and in particular the Americans targeted the Catholic Church and the political parties that had previously existed before the American takeover. Churches were required to disavow the Papacy to continue services, and political parties aside from the Prosperidados (Prosperity Party) were unable to field candidates in the show elections the Americans put on.
By 1900, Mexico had become a heavily taxed society under martial law. The Mexican elite that had initially been supportive of the American intervention had chafed under the anti-Catholic policies, and only the most devoted sycophants (those who had converted to Protestantism) actually had any loyalty to the United States. The Mexican Army was incredibly disloyal, only joining to alleviate their own poverty and often were willing to steal from the peasantry. It was in the midst of the Fifth Anglo-American War though that Mexican elites saw a golden opportunity. Though the United States had seized the initiative at sea, American casualties were mounting in Ontario. British intelligence sought to create a rising in Mexico that could help distract the Americans from Canada, and offered to provide weaponry. However, Mexican elites knew that even though the Americans were distracted, they would still be able to have the troops to spare to destroy Mexico. Instead, the elites used the negotiations as leverage. After some tense negotiations, the Treaty of Veracruz between Mexico and the United States would allow Mexico autonomy in its internal affairs, including allowing the Mexican church to reestablish ties with the Vatican (and have no penalty for choosing Catholicism as their religion) and Mexican elites would be exempted from taxes and in exchange, Mexican troops would fight on the American side in Canada.
After the Fifth Anglo-American War, the United States kept its word and Mexico entered a period of revival. While American influences could still be felt, this generation felt it was truly Mexican. As the Mexican identity grew though and the United States no longer united Mexicans in hatred, the class distinctions that had so often tore Mexico apart rose up once more. In Oaxaca, agricultural workers began a strike that later spread throughout the country. Agustin Juarez, an influential labor leader who lost an arm in Canada, would organize unions and further strikes, initially keeping the demonstrations peaceful. However, when strikers in Mexico City were fired upon, Juarez organized the peasantry into soldier battalions. After several years of conflict, a peace agreement was reached where workers and peasants would be allowed to freely organize and that elections would be open to candidates outside of the Prosperidados.
Though the United States had agreed to non-interference in internal Mexican affairs, the American ambassador bluntly told the elites that if Juarez’s new Popular Front (dominated by Socialists) won the Mexican election of 1918, the Treaty of Veracruz would no longer be honored. The Mexican candidate, Generalissimo Jose Moreno, while a war hero, greatly lacked for charisma. However, a third candidate, Marco Antonio Riviera, had also entered into the race with the Liberty party (Libertadios) . Charming, intelligent, a charismatic speaker, and able to rekindle nationalist embers in the peasantry, Riviera displaced Moreno to go neck and neck with Juarez. Seeing that Moreno had no hope of winning a free election, and still reeling from Juarez’s rebellion, the elites left Moreno and offered to throw their weight behind Antonio, if he agreed to continue certain conservative policies. With the financial backing of the elites and the open Church support, Antonio was able to win a close election, becoming the first candidate not from the Prosperidados to win in decades.
As President though, Riviera saw that there was little that he could do. While his Libertadidos party had won the Presidency, they had done poorly in the Senate elections. The Senate was heavily divided between the seats won by the Popular Front and the seats that were essentially bought by the Prosperidados. Riviera felt the path to success for Mexico was the breaking of the elites and the redistribution of lands among peasants and workers, breaking the power of the unions and leftist parties. Riviera impressively played the elites, the peasantry, the Army and the Church against one another, simultaneously promising land reform, reestablishment of the aristocracy, loosened restrictions on business, and expansionism into Central America. With the Senate in a deadlock, Riviera was able to use the chaos of the revolution in the USCA to take dictatorial powers for two years. With some hoping that Riviera would soon declare himself emperor and crush the socialists, and others hoping that Riviera would give desperately needed land reform and break the elites, Riviera ultimately disappointed everyone by passing some limited land reforms, imprisoning top union and Popular Front officials, and tried further consolidating his power. However, with Juarez in chains and seeing the leftists reeling, the elites decided they had no further use for him, and using the many soldiers still loyal to the elites, overthrew President Riviera in a coup and Generalissimo Moreno took power as dictator.
However, Riviera had anticipated that this might happen, and using his most loyal commander, Ignacio Reyes, Riviera had Juarez freed who then immediately went south to launch a revolution against the Moreno regime. Meanwhile, Riviera himself was able to flee to Havana and then to the United States, watching as Moreno and Juarez fought in a vicious civil war and soliciting aid from various American magnates and government officials (including what some say was a legendary affair between him and his mistress in New Orleans, the wealthy heiress Selene DuMont). The American Secret Service and its rival branch, the OSI, saw Riviera as someone who could keep Mexico divided internally between the elites and the peasantry, and as someone who was willing to stand against the Catholic Church, making Riviera as an ideal president of Mexico after the Civil War. Working with both groups, Riviera gained access to funding, equipment, and recruits, but the United States refused to allow them to march, waiting for “the right opportunity”. It was Reyes, the faithful servant once more, that would come to his aid by burning the American border town of Blackwater. With the American public outraged and not desiring to put American lives on the line, the OSI and Secret Service allowed Riviera to march into Mexico, and after a year of warfare, captured Mexico City and ended the Moreno regime. However, this was not the end of the Civil War. Not only did the Oaxaca Commune not falter in the wake of Riviera’s army, but many of the generals that Moreno had set up to help keep order around Mexico refused to follow Riviera’s commands and have gone rogue, or even hostile. Now in 1930, Mexico’s civil war is in a free for all, and while it is still unclear who will win, it IS clear that the biggest loser continues to be the Mexican people.
Of the various factions that are fighting in the civil war, perhaps the most predictable are the State of Sonora and the State of the Rio Grande, led by Colonel Juan Castillo and Colonel Raul Allende respectively. They are the most typical of warlords, and are virtually indistinguishable. One likes American blonde women, one likes American redheaded women. One is a puppet of the OSI, the other is the puppet of the Secret Service. One prefers to violate his enemy’s women in front of said enemy, the other prefers to kill said enemy and then violate his women. Neither of them know that the United States Army is prepared to overrun their petty rump states at a moment’s notice. Virtually indistinguishable. Their main use to the Americans is ensuring that refugees don’t flood into the United States and to help fight the Raiders of the Zacartes, and when they are not doing that, they often like to fight against one another. Both Castillo and Allende would be lying if they said they did not have dreams of conquering the Presidential palace, but unfortunately the reality is that it is extremely unlikely either of them will. A sad thought, but one that is easily alleviated by champagne, money, and prostitutes. For the people though, they generally live in fear that they may end up on the wrong side of a gun for whatever reason, and in Sonora and the Rio Grande, they don’t dig deep graves.
For the Raiders of Zacartes, their tale is one of hardship and perseverance. Ignacio Reyes, a prominent cavalry captain in the war in Canada, he became the number two to President Riviera and was trusted with the most delicate of tasks, becoming a legend throughout Mexico. His most daring attack, the burning of Blackwater, was allegedly orchestrated under orders from Riviera in order to force the United States to allow the intervention. Reyes had stayed loyal to Riviera even after his ousting, having led a partisan group against Moreno, and had anticipated a great reward when Riviera returned at last. However, instead Riviera declared Reyes an outlaw, responsible for the Blackwater, likely trying to ensure that Reyes could not blackmail him. Reyes was able to escape and he and his troops now fight for a new cause…”The Cause”. Calling his followers “Reyistas”, Reyes was influenced by anarchist literature, breaking down the old society and building up the new, promising that in this new society that every man can be a King. Reyes and his Raiders spend their time alternatively fighting the Rio Grande, Sonora, and the Mexican Republic, having an alliance with Oaxaca and an uneasy truce with the Imperials. When not fighting, Reyes has been recruiting women for “The Cause” and for his own “Cause” as well; Reyes recently read the books of a popular eugenics advocate, and is convinced that he is the pinnacle of human genetics. He has taken it upon himself to father as many children as he possibly can, with 39 being born in 1929, all to different, consenting adult women. Quick moving, well led, and with more female combatants than any other army in the world, Reyes feels that with Oaxaca’s help, his old comrade Marco Antonio can be brought down, and from there...well anything is possible from there...
Those living in the Mexican Republic under President Riviera do have it a bit better than their brethren in the north. Riviera has felt the first and most important part of showing himself as the rightful leader of Mexico was to restore “normal” order, and has succeeded remarkably in the cities he controls, and even recently held elections. Supported mostly by practical liberals and nationalists who can overlook some of Riviera’s more questionable decisions, the Republic is seen as the only hope of a Mexico that is both free and that would not cause the United States reason to invade.
In the West, Cesar Castro, the legendary “Arctic Fox” (named for both his white hair and for irony of establishing himself not in Canada but in the Pacific) once saw Riviera as a potential emperor of Mexico. Castro, like Riviera, was a descendant from the families of the old aristocracy, saw that Riviera had the charisma and the popular appeal that the conservative elements so desperately needed. Castro had become incredibly excited when Riviera had himself declared dictator, feeling that the restoration of the old Mexican Empire was at hand. However, Riviera betrayed Castro’s hopes, and Castro was ingloriously exiled from Mexico City, keeping order in the Western provinces on behalf of the Moreno government. However, with Moreno’s death and Riviera’s return, Castro has decided to take his fate into his own hands, declaring himself to be the new Emperor of Mexico. He has already won some light victories against the Republic, but he knows that Republican troops have been distracted by the intense fighting in the South. Castro knows he plays third fiddle to Oaxaca and Mexico City, but with the sponsorship of the Catholic church and the coffers of the elites, Castro’s army has more than meets the eye.
Perhaps the most serious threat to Riviera, Agustin Juarez’s Oaxaca Commune, derogatively called the Sandalistas, holds the hopes and dreams of the most impoverished people of Mexico. Long oppressed on the farms, the rancheros, and the factories, they have risen up, completely controlling the southern region, save for Yucatan. However, their influence extends into other factions as well, having eyes and ears in the form of farmers, maids, and even soldiers. This influence would be their greatest asset, were it not for the significant help being received from the Democratic Republic of Central America, despite minor ideological differences. Juarez continues leading troops behind enemy lines, causing chaos and confusion for the Republican forces. While they are still in the fight, the situation in 1930 is certainly a step back from where they were two years ago, miles away from Mexico City. However, Juarez is confident that the longer the war goes, his army will become stronger and Riviera’s will grow weaker. Juarez is content to defend for now, though ensuring his assets are ready to seize an opportunity as needed.
The last of the fighters of Mexico is the “Emergency State of Veracruz”. An effort by US Naval Intelligence to annoy both the SS and OSI, Veracruz is an openly Protestant state and is practicing a policy of segregation, separating non whites from whites. This state exists solely to protect the few Mexicans that had converted to Protestantism and to protect Americans who had been living in Mexico before. Led by John Walker, a converted Mexican, the regime is not actively seeking to win the war, and is instead being used as leverage against the other Mexican factions as needed. Its army is made of 10,000 US Marines “on leave”, and some lighter skinned Mexicans who supported the old regime. However, most of the population detests the regime and their American masters, and would leave if not for the fact that reprisals against families who leave are incredibly severe…
Ah but there is one more faction that we have forgotten! Deep in the jungles of the Yucatan, you will hear the soft beat of drums,. Curious, you find a clearing and gaze upon a crowd, surrounding a glorious pyramid made of stone. Chanting and shouting, the people cheer as a man, no, a GOD, ascends atop the pyramid. There is a second man, kneeling, and with a stab of the knife, his heart is in the hands of the God, who, to continued cheers and pleadings, eats the dying man’s heart and gives off a triumphant roar as they head off to battle. Wide eyed and blood thirsty after snorting a mythic powder, the men fight fanatically and desperately under the God’s leadership. He is Quetzalcoatl on Earth, destroying all who stand in his way of birthing a new Mayan Empire. The village is captured, and he looks into each of his captives eyes. Soldier, slave, or sacrifice. These are the only three professions in his empire. And as he touches each one and hands down his ruling, no matter what it is, the people are thankful, so thankful, that the mighty Quetzalcoatl has blessed them. He has fought and beaten the Central Americans and the Sandalistas. Will anyone else try entering his domain? Or is it time for the rest of Mexico to return to the old Gods, to the realm of the Mayan Empire?