Country Name: Indian Empire
Capital: (New) Delhi
Government: Federal Constitutional Monarchy
History: Ultimately, one Princess Mary became fed up with the rapidly worsening state of affairs in Britain, as ultraconservative, ultranationalist Arthurism took over the government. Though she was a member of the royal family, she couldn't bear to see a free country turned into authoritarianism, despotism, and chaos. So, together with those liberal members of the establishment who seemed to agree with her, Mary left Britain behind. A plan began to form. She'd need somewhere where she could find support, from both the British administrators and the locals. The white colonies, ever loyal to the crown, wouldn't give her that support - not from someone now branded as persona non grata at home. Africa was, sadly, too underdeveloped.
There was one place: India. She'd already visited it several times, and she decided that she really wouldn't mind going back.
When King Edward died in 1910, the entire country was shaken. The time had come So, arriving in Delhi, in a triumphant ceremony, in January 1911, Mary had herself crowned Empress of India and unilaterally declared India's full independence, quite immediately pissing off those at home. She immediately promised reforms, and to protect the rights of both the Anglo-Indians and all the Indians equally and to give Indians the equal rights as all other of Her Majesty's subjects, something that flew directly in the face of Arthurism. With Arthurism all the rage, Mary was quickly branded a "pretender" in Westminster, exacerbated by the fact she was a woman. Still, quickly managing to get much of the Raj's bureaucracy on her side and replacing those that disagreed with pliable exiles or friendly Indians, Mary had every intention of returning to Britain. Without Britain's jewel, her wealthiest colony, how long could the rest of the rotting British Empire last?
Indeed, it appeared that the entire Empire was doomed. With Britain having absolutely no way of getting India back, the local garrisons willing to support Mary's government thanks to increased pay and promises of land, and Mary's provisional imperial government quickly organizing more, it was clear Britain had lost India for good. Even if India were to be retaken by some miracle, the spirit of independence the events of 1911 had given India would not fade away quickly. Further afield, Britain started shedding colonial possessions left and right, either through other countries' land grabs or rebellions. By 1912, seeing the writing on the wall, the panicking colonial government of Hong Kong had decided to pledge allegiance to Delhi, and the rest of India's colonial authorities had easily fallen in line.
In any case, a brief period of confusion in regards to India's future ended by the monsoon season of 1913, when the Government of India Act 1913 was passed, establishing the country as a constitutional monarchy - what Britain was meant to be, minus the filth of Arthurism. One (Viscount) Norman Hadley would become India's first Prime Minister, uniting the Whig and moderate Tory blocs that formed the vast majority of the newly (re)constituted Indian Parliament under an impromptu coalition, one that was more than able to govern the new country effectively. Over the next few years, Mary and Hadley working in conjunction would build a solid foundation for a just and democratic Indian state. Though she had left Arthurism behind, Mary continued to take a semi-active role in the affairs of the country - though officially, Hadley was in charge, it could not be denied that the Empress performed quite a bit of activity behind the scenes, acting as a unifying figure in an increasingly fragmented political environment. But unlike the autocrats in Westminster, Mary was committed to merely ensuring that the same travesty would not recur here.
Hadley retired from politics in 1920 to return to his home in Colombo (since renamed Port Hadley after his death), and with the breaking of his coalition in his wake, that year the controversial Liberal Winston Churchill succeeded him. Churchill, an unabashed racist who did not get along well with the Empress and was heading a minority government to boot, was horrifically ineffective, and was soundly defeated in a vote of no confidence in 1921. Moderate Tories would enter government next, with prominent exile author Rudyard Kipling as their leader. Though Kipling's tenure as PM was generally quite successful, with India entering a phase of rapid economic growth, political dissatisfaction meant that this period saw the rise of the Indian Labour Party from a third party to a serious contender for government, which desired to give full representation and democracy to all of India's people, and gained support from not only Indians but also from reformist Liberal exiles disaffected after Churchill.
This phase came to an end in 1925, when the Empress Mary died of an unfortunate bout of malaria. Her daughter, who happened to be the only one of Mary's children that had left Arthurist Britain, was crowned Empress Mary II. Mary II, fortunately for the country, was not only Indophilic to to the point of eccentricism - preferring the sari to any British dress, for one, and going as far to adopt the very Persianate title
Shahbanu-i-Hind for herself - but also committed to continuing reforms, and indeed. In 1927, Kipling's government was toppled by the Philip Snowden-led Indian Labour Party, with what was considered the Empress's somewhat tacit support.
With the passage of the Government of India Act 1929, universal suffrage (female suffrage, surprisingly, included) was established in 1929 to elect the House of Commons, which in itself was greatly enhanced in power. The reorganization, but simultaneously irritated many Conservatives who wished for the Anglos and Anglo-Indians to retain their great power. Under the new system, India would theoretically have two parliamentary leaders - a Prime Minister, elected from the House of "Lords" (now meant to represent the Anglo and Anglo-Indian community) and a Vizier, elected from the Commons.
The Prime Minister would represent the country in foreign affairs and the affairs of the Anglo and Anglo-Indian community, while the Vizier would generally manage the rest of the country's internal affairs. The first (and current Vizier) was also a Labour Party member, Vallabhbhai "Sardar" Patel.
Despite the relative strangeness of the whole situation, Delhi has shown its commitment to uplift all its people, and the fact is that for the first time in living memory, India's living standards have increased more than just noticeably. Mary II has become something of an Indian nationalist symbol supported even by people such as Gandhi, Nehru, and Patel, and perhaps it's for the better that this supposedly temporary situation becomes permanent?
Administrative Division Map:
Black: provinces under direct control
White: large areas under princely state control
Red: puppets
Do note that there are still princely states elsewhere; this is just a greatly simplified map of the rough situation.
Also, Sind should be black.
Also also note that the Andaman and Nicobar islands do not in fact belong to us.
Prime Ministers of the Indian Empire:
-1: Norman Hadley (Lib/Con: 1913-1920)
-2: Winston Churchill (Lib: 1920-1921)
-3: Rudyard Kipling (Con: 1921-1927)
-4: Philip Snowden (Lab: 1927-????)
Viziers of the Indian Empire
-1: V. "Sardar" Patel (INC: 1929-????)
Political Parties
In Government:
-Indian Labour Party/Indian National Congress: A multiethnic, center-left party, Labour is a continuation of the old Labour Party that acted as a resistance against Arthurism. Its ranks grew throughout the 1910s and 1920s, and after 1927 emerged as the first party of the Indian Empire entering the 1930s, bolstered by the bulk of the Nehru-led Indian National Congress agreeing to a merger in 1925. Currently under the joint leadership of Philip Snowden and Sardar Patel, who are currently serving as PM and Vizier, respectively. It - and the current government's policy - is dominated by social democratic economics, political reform to lessen the differences between the Anglo and Indian communities, and a foreign policy that takes on an anti-imperialist tone while retaining nearly all the hawkish anti-Arthurism of the previous governments.
Other Major Parties (in order of popularity):
-Conservative Party of the United Kingdom: Currently led by Anthony Eden after Rudyard Kipling's retirement from politics in 1929, the Tories represent the moderate to conservative Anglo population, and the maintaining of the status quo in regards to the political status. They claim to be the direct continuation of the old Conservative Party from before the Arthurist days, and generally espouse a variant of a Disraeli-esque One Nation ideology, with the Anglos acting to "uphold and lift up" the Indian population by promoting "British values" - most of their opponents just see this as condescending, imperialist, and mildly white supremacist. However, with the rise of the far-right Unionists, the Tories have somewhat moderated in the past five years, to the point where actual Indians do vote for them in small but noticeable numbers, Indian Christians in particular.
-Indian Liberal Party/Swatantra Party: The remnants of the party of Hadley and Churchill, and the party of Gladstone before them, have since been reorganized as a multiethnic party focusing on liberal economics (as opposed to the socialism of Labour) while avoiding taking a line on reform - this latter one has continued to cost, but it is necessary to avoid splitting the already tenuous party. Despite the failures of the Churchill era, the Liberals gained a boon when the "Swatantra" right wing bloc of the Indian National Congress, led by C. Rajagopalachari, opposed to Labour's economic policies decided to first leave the INC, then align with the Liberals. It is currently under the joint leadership of Archibald Sinclair and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari. The Liberals are, surprisingly, popular in rural India, where the peasantry is mildly opposed to Snowden and Patel's socialism. The United Provinces wing of the party is led by a young up-and-comer named Charan Singh, whose name has become famous in Indian political circles.
-All India Forward Bloc (AIFB): When the INC voted to fold into the Indian Labour Party in 1925, "Netaji" Subhas Chandra Bose's left-wing ultranationalist faction, angered with the INC's decision to "collaborate" and align with the Indian Labour Party, exited the party. Since then, under Bose's charismatic leadership, the Forward Bloc has emerged as an ideologically driven party, equal parts Sun Yat-Sen, Huey Long, and something entirely original. The AIFB calls for (possibly violent) revolution to overthrow the Empress, and Bose has held several open meetings with Sun Yat-Sen and the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, as well as with members of African and other developing-world radical leftist parties. Bose's populism has made him quite popular in rural India especially, while his opponents - including Sardar Patel - denounce him as a dangerous demagogue.
-(All India) Muslim League (ML): Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Muslim League represents the Indian Muslim community. Since the coming to prominence in the party of the Jinnah-led "Iqbalite" faction the ML has shifted to calling for the creation of an independent Muslim republic. Unsurpisingly, it continually manages to get a significant portion of the Muslim vote, but it's numbers have in fact been declining since the mid-1920s, mostly to the rising AIFB.
Minor Parties of Note:
-Burmese nationalists: Several have been elected to the House of Commons, but there continues to lack a unified, single voice for the cause of Burmese nationalism. The most outspoken Burmese nationalist is one Aung San, who is currently an independent MP representing Rangoon - though he is currently looking to form a unified Burmese front, he has had limited success in doing so.
-Communist Party of India (CPI): Actually formed by a merger of the original CPI with the exiled Communist Party of Great Britain in 1924. Sylvia Pankhurst and Shripad Amrit Dange currently co-lead this left-internationalist party. The CPI's support has ebbed and flowed in the past decade, but has never really reached significant numbers in support. Since about 1930, it has found itself in the odd position of acting as a voice of sanity and Marxism-Luxemburgism(?) in opposition to the Longist/Sunist-influenced AIFB and Bose. A somewhat obscure Chinese exile by the name of Mao Tse-tsung leads the CPI's rural wing. By all accounts, young Mao is going places. Mao has been joined in his humble Bengal abode by a Korean exile named Kim Il-Sung.
-Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK): A republican Tamil nationalist party which calls for the creation of an independent Republic of Tamilakam in the south. It briefly enjoyed widespread support as an organization in the mid-1920s but has since lost most of its support to the AIFB.
-Independent Labour Party (ILP): The name aside, the ILP mostly acts as a lower-caste activist group led by B.R. Ambedkar, as an anti-capitalist group actively pursuing the destruction of any caste structures in the country. Ideologically, it is very much aligned to the larger Labour Party on a national level, and in fact could be considered all but a subgroup of Labour, but the two parties often compete in local government.
-Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS): If the Forward Bloc is a left-wing nationalist group, then this is its right-wing equivalent. The party has not seen the same level of success as the Forward Bloc, due to its lack of a charismatic leader such as Bose, and the fact that Hindu nationalism is not nearly as powerful due to Boseism's influence. Nevertheless, the RSS under K.B. Hedgewar hopes to call on the massed peasantry of the country to someday establish a true Hindutva state.
-Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD): A Punjabi/Sikh nationalist party, calling for the creation of an independent Khalistan state. They are somewhat popular in its native land but not so much elsewhere, and have remained fairly steady in support for the last decade.
-British Unionist Party: The far-right of the Anglo community is represented by this loosely aligned collection of breakaway Tories "led" by Austen Chamberlain, who tend to fight amongst each other even more than they do Labour. They also have no capability to gain any Indian votes whatsoever, and their ideology gives them unflattering comparisons to Arthurism. As such other than a few seats in the Lords the Unionists are all but entirely insignificant.
Other Institutions:
-Provincial Governments: The directly ruled provinces each have local provincial assemblies elected with universal suffrage as per the 1929 Act, though their power is somewhat limited in scope, mostly to managing local welfare programs, infrastructure, health, and education. The princely states have also been encouraged to give similar provincial representation. Some, such as Mysore and Travancore, have done a by all accounts perfect job of doing so, but others, such as Hyderabad, have, to say the least, not. This latter only solidifies discontent against certain princes.
-Princely States and the Durbar: The princely states of the Raj have been carried over into the new Empire, albeit with a drastically altered role. Under the 1929 Act, the princely states have found themselves deprived of any armed force, and while they retain authority over internal affairs, the 1929 Act also stipulates that each princely state (or agency of princely states) is appointed a "representative" by the Empress in order to ensure that the princes act within the bounds of parliamentary national laws. However, this does not mean the Princes are ignored completely. Every year, the Empress calls together a council of all the princes, some 565 of them, in the Indian Empire, as a "consultation." This is the Durbar, and has been in effect since the 1913 Act; in theory, it acts vaguely as a third house of Parliament, but in practice its power is extremely limited, and fewer than a third of India's princes even bothered attending the 1931 Durbar - many of them, rulers of what are no more than small towns, are in fact just MPs and see no reason to attend. It is no secret that the Snowden-Patel government sees this whole structure as the pointless relic of a past feudal age, and seeks to dismantle it; the support of the Indian populace is pretty clearly behind them, and it would not be a difficult task to do so, but no actions have been taken in this regard, yet.
Economy: In 1911, Empress Mary inherited what, despite what was considered the "brightest jewel in the crown of the British Empire," was one of the poorest and most backwards economies on Earth. India could no longer simply be a tool for providing cotton and raw materials to feed the bellies of British factories; it was now a free country, an empire no less, with her own dignity. The focus of successive Indian governments since then, once it was clear that no one would be returning to Britain any time soon, was to attempt to jump-start industrialization to create the beginnings of an advanced economy, yet one still connected with the world, and, following that, to maintain industrial growth. It cannot be said those policies have failed. India's living standards, life expectancy, health, and so forth have all drastically and consistently increased since the 1910s. Entering 1932, more than a quarter of India's population now lives in cities. That being said, many of the benefits of these advances have yet to filter through to India's countryside, which still remains entirely agrarian.
India's infrastructure is surprisingly good. A large-scale improvement of Indian railroad network was a pet project of the Hadley government's economic program. India currently has one of the largest and most widely used railroad networks on the planet. It is again being modernized by the Snowden-Patel government to run fully on diesel.
Despite all this, India's economy is still largely agricultural. India leads the world in cotton production, something which greatly helped with the development of a native textile industry. Tea is also a major component. Aside from this, mining is also a major component of the economy.
The Snowden-Patel Labour government since 1927 has more focused on implementing welfare programs rather than nationalization (with the notable example of the banks, which were nationalised in 1930, and Indian Railways, which were nationalized to begin with). Nevertheless, one of the things that has been encouraged has been the formation of workers' cooperatives. Calcutta in particular has a large number of these, and they appear to be doing just as well as their non-cooperative counterparts.
India openly trades with most of the world save for openly Arthurist countries, and unlike many other countries, is open to trading with Communist countries as well.
Jai Mary II,
Shahbanu-i-Hind!