I've already followed the advice with city connections. I play with CEG, but alter city connection income and set it back to the unmodded game's values. Wide is more viable this way and the game is better.
I do agree that villages are rather weak though. I didn't like that they gave +1 science in GEM. Science is more valuable than gold. Production is also more valuable than gold since it takes 2 or 3 times the number of gold compared to hammers to produce a unit or building.
I'd support the idea of buffing villages by 1 gold, but not early in the game. They already get +1 gold on freshwater tiles very early in the game. It should come somewhere later on, so not in an ancient, classical, or medieval tech and not in the liberty tree. Maybe in the Exploration tree or the Commerce tree, probably Commerce.
If villages are buffed a bit then wide empires will probably be pretty even with tall empires in gold. Right now tall empires have an edge on wide empires with gold. Tall empires have an edge with getting more golden ages and more culture. They should be getting policies faster than a wide empire. Wide empires should have larger armies and more production than a tall empire. They should be fairly equal in science rates ideally.
This is a terrific post – and the emboldened bit bears repeating because it's precisely the reason that trading posts / villages remain a niche improvement even though CEG has (quite rightly IMHO) lowered the gold / hammer multiplier attached to purchasing (compared to vanilla). Despite the change, villages really only remain worthwhile building on jungle hexes (where they're built for the science boost post universities) and in puppeted cities.
The emboldened sentence meanwhile is why looking at the table in this thread (which quotes total yields from farms, mines and villages) is fundamentally flawed: because it takes no account of the multiple of hammers that it costs to buy something using gold. Much better that someone focusses on break even gold: hammer ratios (which equate the time taken to buy and build respectively) given the multiplier and adjusts the amount of gold produced by villages to reflect this break even and other relevant factors.
Like @EricB, I'd agree that the solution may be to buff trading posts via the commerce tree. The caveat I'd make though is that I think the buff needs to come by around the time that civil service is unlocked, because civil service plus iron working means that farms and riverside mines will be a better set of improvements than a village, given the gold / hammer purchase multiplier.
IMHO, liberty meanwhile is definitely the wrong place to buff villages – what liberty clearly needs to provide more of in my view – perhaps even as a closer - is the one thing that the gamer needs above all else when RExxing: happiness. To that end, how about letting the liberty closer provide a small amount of additional happiness for extra copies of a resource settled by a civ? That way, settling luxuries is still encouraged – and the RExxer has more insurance than currently that they'll get some benefit from settling additional luxuries even if they can't trade them. In other words, the RExxer gets better protection from resource clustering on a map.
Re: piety. IMHO, @Ahriman has it spot on: the key issue is that the gamer needs more things to spend faith on. Those things that the gamer can already buy with faith should ideally IMHO be seen as the minimum set available to any gamer, irrespective of whether they take piety. As a result, I agree wholeheartedly with the idea that piety would benefit from adding to the list of things that could be bought with faith, as has been suggested by @Ahriman and @Tomice. Compelling the gamer to take piety to be able to spend faith on certain things would be a very retrograde step in my view.
To illustrate why, consider being next to a missionary spamming AI and being unable to buy pagodas – even if their religion's follower belief allows it – because doing that now requires the gamer to complete piety. The resultant inability to secure happiness from pagodas would force the gamer going wide to secure happiness from elsewhere (ie. both limiting tech choice and the ability to play wide) and the value of opening borders to such AI.
As an alternative given the work involved, would it make it easier if piety provided boosts to already existing units or buildings?
We don't need other things to spend faith on until we've fully spread our religion, in the late game. Great people and 1 other selection is enough.
Disagree very strongly. Taking Jesuit Education to be able to buy universities (in particular) with faith is a brilliant example of how faith can be used to buy something well before the late game. What needs to happen IMHO is for piety to provide additional, interesting, ways for the gamer to spend faith before the late game. Doing so could really improve the game's pacing, which - despite the vast improvements CEG makes over vanilla - still rather resembles feast (in the late game) or famine (in the early-mid game) IMHO.
Being able to buy a barracks with faith (as suggested by @Tomice) is a great example IMHO. If devising other new buildings to buy with faith is a tough ask though, then, from a gameplay (ie. not realism) perspective, I'd suggest enabling the gamer to use faith to buy the other buildings that unlock national wonders would be an option to consider – because all too often the gamer is discouraged from building those wonders unless they play narrow / tall. (To illustrate how this might work, you could for instance give the gamer the choice of being able to build one (and only one) of the pre-requisite buildings with faith across their empire, so the war monger might choose a barracks, the RExxer an arena, the builder a smith, the diplomat a market, and so on. Libraries would likely be unavailable to prevent the hugely wide empire faith buying the libraries needed for a National College and because, in any case, Jesuit Education allows faith to buy universities.) I can imagine however that many will see this as being too much of a boost to wide empires.
As always @Thalassicus, thanks to you and everyone else for what you've done and are trying to do with Civ 5.