Which aspects add points to the score of a civilization in the game? And how?

Hover your mouse over a civ's score and you'll see the breakdown in the tool-tip that should pop up.

If you mean the score at the end of a game when you have won/lost I have no idea how that is worked out.
 
For G&K, relevant lines from GlobalDefines.xml:

- <!-- Civ 5 Score
-->
- <Row Name="SCORE_CITY_MULTIPLIER">
<Value>8</Value>
</Row>
- <Row Name="SCORE_POPULATION_MULTIPLIER">
<Value>4</Value>
</Row>
- <Row Name="SCORE_LAND_MULTIPLIER">
<Value>1</Value>
</Row>
- <Row Name="SCORE_WONDER_MULTIPLIER">
<Value>25</Value>
</Row>
- <Row Name="SCORE_TECH_MULTIPLIER">
<Value>4</Value>
</Row>
- <Row Name="SCORE_FUTURE_TECH_MULTIPLIER">
<Value>10</Value>
</Row>

You can see how these operate (e.g., 8 points per city you control, 25 points per wonder, etc.) by looking at your in-game score from time to time.

There are additional score-related bonuses as well.

- <Row Name="SCORE_POPULATION_FACTOR">
- <!-- Score you get if you have the 'maximum' population possible on the current map -->
<Value>5000</Value>
</Row>
- <Row Name="SCORE_LAND_FACTOR">
- <!-- Score you get if you have all the land on the current map -->
<Value>2000</Value>
</Row>
- <Row Name="SCORE_WONDER_FACTOR">
- <!-- Score you get if you have all the wonders -->
<Value>1000</Value>
</Row>
- <Row Name="SCORE_TECH_FACTOR">
- <!-- Score you get if you have all the techs -->
<Value>2000</Value>
 
The above post has the details.
However it has little bearing on who is likely to win the game.
If you're number 1 is science you are most likely to win the game even if you're in last place on the official score board.
 
The above post has the details.
However it has little bearing on who is likely to win the game.
If you're number 1 is science you are most likely to win the game even if you're in last place on the official score board.

Except in time :lol: and if you have win by Time/Score :lol:
 
If you press F9 ingame you can look at the Demographics. This is a breakdown of how well you're doing in all areas of the game including Production/Growth, Gold, Military, Tech, Land, Happiness etc etc. If you are top in most of these then you're doing well. Overall score CAN seem unbalanced I've found. :p

Then there are the little things that add to your score. Some of these are building World Wonders and the recurring Future Tech. This is why score can seem unbalanced, because someone may spam wonders and have a top score - whereas their military and other things are lacking.
 
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