Excerpts from Spanish television news and current affairs program La Entrevista, translated somewhat poorly to English
... and now we have the privilege of sitting down with Dr. Valeriy Yushchenko. He's one of the foremost political and foreign affairs analyst in Spain and a regular guest on this show. Dr. Yushchenko, thank you for you time.
Yushchenko: Thank you for having me here Pineda.
Interviewer: And, uh, I understand you fled the Soviet Union back in 1955?
Yushchenko: Yes, at the beginning of the Revolution, or what the Soviet histories variously call the Fragmentation or the Upheaval, I was living in Kyiv. After so many years under Stalinist rule all I wanted was to leave the Soviet Union, so I took the opportunity. My parents were patriots, and wanted to stay to help build the Hetmanate, but eventually they fled when the Soviets began marching back west.
Interviewer: So has the Soviet Union really changed in the last 15 years? We keep hearing about how the Soviet economy is booming and how people has more freedom than in the past, but how much of that is true.
Yushchenko: A lot of that
is true, actually. The Soviet economy
is booming. The Amurians brought back Lenin’s New Economic Policies with some modifications and allow a degree of private ownership. The Central Planners have been working closer with the local soviets, who have real power now, not merely a puppet of Moscow like in the early years, and the results have been impressive. More consumer goods are available, better food, better housing, and so on. They even have money to spare to send space ships to the Moon. But I feel that it could be doing better. It's being weigh down by a lot of bureaucratic red-tape and corrupt officials; maybe not so much as in the past, but it's still hurting development, and it’s very hard to deal with, given the number of political subdivisions within the country.
Interviewer: Well, despite the difficulties TASS is making some pretty wild claims. For example, an article this week claims that food production is up by 20% in the last year. How reliable are official Soviet statistics?
Yushchenko: Quite reliable. TASS reports real news now. The Soviet leadership is very pragmatic; it’s making decisions on facts rather than dogma, and TASS reporting is reflective of that. Also I think the Soviet leadership is finally waking up to the fact that people are not easily fooled by their lies and propaganda. Now they're smarter about it. You'll notice TASS only reports good news; economic successes, space successes, that sort of thing. Occasionally, they'll report stories about crime and corruption and social issues and rising food prices, but they are rare, and they are always euphemism heavy, and they always end on a positive note. If you listen to their coverage of the X Virus, for example, you'd be forgiven if you thought they were talking about an outbreak of the flu. The news only takes on a serious tone if it’s an urgent matter concerning national security. Apparently TASS thinks the X Virus outbreak is not yet serious enough to report seriously and risking a general panic.
Interviewer: What about the, uh... personal freedoms of the Soviet people. Have they improved at all?
Yushchenko: In some respects. It is light-years away from the Stalinist Terror days, or what the Soviets euphemistically call the Transition. Soviet people enjoy a lot of civil rights now, probably more than most people in the world. The new regime is A LOT more tolerant of criticism and dissent. Anyway, you could still be arrested for “counter-revolutionary activities”, which can be anything from expressing fascist sympathies to drawing satirical cartoons to the current leadership to publishing a local paper without a license which, by the way, is extremely difficult to obtain.
Fact is, the Soviet Union despite the façade of tolerance and civil discourse is not a liberal democratic state. The enigmatic State Security Bureau remains very powerful and there to suppress any “unreasonable” dissent. True, it’s not a single-party state anymore since the CPSU no longer exists, and people can directly elect their local representatives now, but ultimately only a few people actually have real power. There are about twenty people at the top who makes all the big decisions, and the people below are under intense pressure to follow them.
Politics in the Soviet Union is about what connections you have, who you know, how you can benefit the powerful people. If you’re an honest, humble factory worker and wants to run for office, you’ll get as far as the local council head or if you’re particularly charming you might even become a Republic-level representative. But unless you know the right people, and most likely you’d have to sacrifice your ideals too, Moscow is out of your reach. Now, I’m not saying a representative in the Republic Soviet is a useless position. The Republics and the local soviets have some say in how best to implement the policies, but they are told what Moscow expects… and to be fair Moscow is probably giving the regions as much political power as it could afford. If the Soviet Union becomes any more decentralized, there’s a real danger it might actually break apart.
Interviewer: The Soviet Union might break apart? That’s an astonishing claim to make.
Yushchenko: Well, it did break apart in 1955, didn’t it. (grins) Part of the reason for that was in fact excessive centralization, rather than excessive decentralization. Now the current regime wants to give the regions just enough power that they don’t feel frustrated, but not enough that they can seriously challenge Moscow. The Soviet Union contains hundreds of nationalities… and in many cases ethnic rivalry and hatred run deep.
Outwardly, it looks strong. Internally, there are a lot of problems brewing; nationalism, social problems, the restrictions on democratic expression, and above all the growing corruption in the system. The top leaders probably won’t do anything about it if they continue to benefit from it, but one never knows; popular opinion is important even in the Soviet Union. Right now the leaders are trying to distract the public with economic growth and technological triumphs, but who knows how long that will work for. War is of course the ultimate distraction, but the leadership seems to be very cautious about that.
Interviewer: You talk about the Soviet leadership as if they are all in agreement, but they don’t always see eye to eye.
Yushchenko: True, true, there are many factions within the leadership circle struggling for power: hardliners, liberals, closet nationalists. The State Security Bureau is very politically active too, and the current Security chief has made himself perhaps the most powerful man in the Soviet Union by playing these factions against each other. As of late, the Red Army is becoming more politically active, and as you know the military is a much respected institution and sees itself as the guardian of the Revolution. The Red Army is also considered a reformist force; I think this is a façade. Anyway, it’d be interesting to see how things will develop. You can’t simply purge the officers like Stalin did anymore.
Interviewer: The Soviet Union has been playing an active role in peace negotiations. One expects them to be a little more, well, aggressive, considering what’s at stake. What do you make of this?
Yushchenko: Yes, well, I think the Soviet Union wants to avoid going to war as long as possible. Part of the reason is that the Soviet leadership is acutely aware of its own internal problems, and wants to concentrate on the domestic front. And part of the reason is that the belligerents in the latest war are all allies of the Soviet Union, and the Soviet leadership is reluctant to choose a side. If they side with Maryland and Egypt, they’d be explicitly condoning their use of nuclear weapons against Spain, which will be very unpopular. On the other hand, siding with the Great Qaghanate and the DB Corporation against Communist Union members presents an ideological quandary. Its interest lies in stopping the fighting and forming a united front of all its allies against the Fascist Alliance, but that is looking increasingly unlikely. Leaked reports suggest that the Soviet Union is planning to test a hydrogen bomb. If so then we may soon see a more assertive USSR.