Exalted governor, long has Gordium prospered under your benevolent rule. Graced by your wisdom, we, your citizens, are truly blessed. It is no small honour that you have entrusted upon me, and I can only pray that I can prove myself worthy of your trust. With this compilation of the cultures of Persia, drawn from my own experiences of wandering through our glorious realm, I am hopeful that I may be of some small service to your exalted self.
First and foremost of the old Persian cultures is that which sprung from the Farsi River, nursed and nurtured by a river rife with all the bounty men and women could ever hope for. The Farsi people, and the Farsi culture, are the true Persian heroes, wearing their hair in the braids of Cyrus and Xerxes and dressing in ocean blue robes. These are unlike the simpler robes worn in the Valleylands, for the body coat consists of three separate pieces and the sleeves are attached separately once more. The wealthiest of the Farsi have intricate patterns to add even more complexity to their robes. These Farsi have other ways of showing off their wealth too; a variety of headdresses can be found, especially in the palace of Persepolis. Pointed and coned caps with side-flaps long enough to be tied under the chin were the most prominent symbol when I journeyed there, but currently one can see more of the distinctive hats worn by many of Cyrus' sons, coloured in blue and reaching out to the heavens. They dine on the finest foods in existence. Lavish banquets can be seen in the halls of Persepolis' palace, and in that of the homes of the eldest and wisest men. They have large meals, of specially bred chickens and ducks, or of rice prepared in all its multitudes. They have rich sauces, such as tart pomegranate combined with walnut and onion, and they season their foods with herbs and spices, such as saffron, cinnamon, or sugar. There are tomatoes and lemon juice, grapes and eggs, beans, and dozens of different berries, and all the wealth of the world can be found in a Farsi cookery.
They have brought this wealth to Gordium, and built all of Persia with it, but as you surely must have realised, they have grown decadent, and haughty, and arrogant, and thus it is that some whisper that Gordium is the true heart of Persia, and not the far-away masters of Persepolis, commanding even the highest of governors, such as your exalted self, as if they are but slaves or common citizens. Gordium, of course, combines the best of all that Persia has to offer, and is the beating heart of the Persian realm, lying at the crossroads of the entire land. To be a governor there, is to be the king of kings of all of Persia. And my own eyes can verify that the palace of Persepolis is an ancient construct, poorly maintained and lacking all the modern signs of wealth and splendour that are so prevalent in Gordium, and especially in the governor's palace there. It is clear for all to see that Gordium is ruled better than even Cyrus' latest sons could rule Persepolis.
The Farsi people spread from Persepolis all along the Farsi River, with Arbela and Zohak neighbouring Persepolis, and with the port-city of Sardis controlling the lake where the Farsi River ends. Sidon and Istakhr lie to the east, loyal to Persepolis and untouched by the Mongol taint, unlike Ghulaman. Pasargadae, insular and shielded by mountains and hills, falls too under the Farsi culture, though it has its own peculiarities. The Caspi people still live there, tending to their herds in the mountains, or fishing in the sea named after them, and they still worship their Persian betters. They are mighty proud to belong to our glorious people, and it would be the purest wisdom to seek to encourage similar sentiments amongst other people. To not accentuate their negatives while letting out a call to arms, but to accentuate their positives, to make them feel proud of themselves, and receptive to further wisdom. Wisdom that cannot be so easily dismissed, for to do so would be to dismiss their own pride. The wise ruler would then entice them, showing them what Persia can offer them, and soon, Persia would have grown yet larger. It is sound advice to let the Caspi keep their delusions, and their conflation and conflict over whether the Colossus represents Cyrus, Xerxes, or even you, exalted governor, is a quaint and harmless pastime. No doubt, they would at once agree that the Colossus bears your likeness, if Pasargadae might ever be blessed by your visit, but the proud Caspi might be reluctant to voice this, only admitting it in the privacy of their minds. The wise ruler knows the truth, however.
Second only to the Farsi, the culture of the Valleylands is amongst the most influential in Persia. It is no wonder that Gordium lies at the crossroad betwixt the two. The three sisters, Samaria, Ergili, and Jinjan, have long since banded together to face off the eternal threat of starvation; they lay in a dry desert surrounded by mountains that ward off all rain. Gordium plays a most important role here, as she has established the irrigation channels that feed the people of the Valleylands, for which they are eternally grateful. The people of the Valleylands know little variety of food, though they are one of the main sources of sugar for Persia. Nor do they know a variety of clothes, wearing simple white robes to best ward off the heat. They can further be seen wearing simple, flat, triangular caps of white, that provide relief from the burning sun. The best shoes are crafted in Samaria, and they will forever protect one's feet against both water and sand. The people of the Valleylands are cunning merchants, for that is the only way to survive in this harsh place; securing the best deal for oneself. They do not believe in the concept of cheating, for often, their very lives are at stake, and that is worth everything to them. A wise ruler would be cautious negotiating with such a people, but their partly nomadic existence makes their culture too influential to ignore.
They have a certain sense of seeking out extremes, as evidenced by the village of Bactra, founded on the then-edge of civilisation; past even the many mountains that shield Persia from the great and perilous desert. The people there are too busy with the survival of their selves and their closest kin, so a ruler need not worry about them overtly much. Hamadan, directly to the south, is a slightly larger village, as a consequence of the nearby oasis - and, recently, the commerce that has flown in the wake of Xerxes' marches. Bampur is much like Bactra, and is like one of the three sisters without the other two, in that it lies isolated and alone in an unforgiving desert. To travel to there without crossing any mountains is to trek from Bactra to Bampur, a journey that may take years and will surely kill nine out of ten men. No merchants come here, no roads are here, and no irrigation is here. Should one wish to reach the sea people, of which I shall write below, one is far better off travelling through the mountain villages of the frontier; from Hamadan, to Herat of the frontier, and then to Borazjan of the sea people.
The people of Herat, Dariush Kabir, and Tyre, are hard men with little time for frivolity or luxury, which they will denounce as wastefulness. They have grown up on the frontier, often with little infrastructure and irrigation, having had to survive on the occasional food shipment, the few merchants that make their way so far east, and mostly, their own small farms and herds, which they tend to day and night. This has bred a close kinship into these peoples. Theirs is a more guttural accent, with short words that may sound like snarls and obscenities to the untrained ear. Should you treat them with respect, however, they shall embrace you as if you were their brother. They favour the conical cap that is known as the cidaris, as they once did in the Valleylands, and as they still do in the outskirts of the great desert. Wearing such a hat might endear you to them, but they respect hard work and honesty above all else; pretensions and deceit are the surest way to incur their enmity. The women favour a simple robe - often brown, sometimes white, as they lack ready access to dyes - while more and more men wear the simple trousers so common in Edrine and in presumably all of Ottoman society. This is not a cultural influence to be on your guard against; this is but the pragmatic attitude of a people often found on horses.
It bears mentioning, at this point, that Antioch often has to close its gates to ward off hordes of desperate Turks and Ottomans, fleeing their native homeland in pursuit of a better life in Persia. When the governor of Antioch so wisely puts the well-being of his own citizens over the foreign masses at his gates, raiding parties may be sent out from Edrine to pillage his lands. Already, a fine Persian road and the irrigated fields it runs through have been seized by the Ottomans. A grape plantation, too, is home to Turkic workers and Ottoman warriors, even though it lies right between Antioch and Tyre, and is thus clearly part of the Persian realm. A disgusting rumour that I have verified to be true, is that the hats of these workers - triangular ones made of fur - are made from aborted lamb fetuses. Even with the governor's wise precautions, many a Turk dwell within the walls of Antioch, and many an Ottoman roams the Persian countryside. A wiser governor - such as your exalted self - would have undoubtedly dealt ably with this menace, but for now, Antioch is distressingly Turkic and becoming moreso by the day.
With Xerxes' war, the people of Herat, Dariush Kabir, and Tyre, have seen a marked increase in infrastructure, as labourers work tirelessly to complete and maintain the extensive road networks to move an army and to keep it supplied deep within Babylonian territory. The few mountain outposts manned by hunters have grown considerably, so that they may house and send out small patrols across the Mountains of Babel. The frontier - for as long as it remains so, for surely, great victories shall be achieved, and no defeat shall be suffered - is growing wealthier by the day, as merchants arrive with luxurious goods to trade, in pursuit of the great Persian armies. The small villages here appropriate some of the foodstuffs of the baggage trains that pass by - as is their right by law, they will be quick to point out, and grow angry that they must point out such an obvious fact - and so too it is for the other supplies that are stored here for the armies. They are a fair people, however, with a harsh sense of justice, but a fair one; such is necessary to survive on the barren frontiers. A wise man would trust their words, yet seek to verify when the opportunity to do so in an inoffensive manner presents itself. Positioned between the rich Babylonian heartland and glorious Farsi, once Babylonia is brought under Persian rule, it seems inevitable that the tribal bonds of these hard people here will weaken, as a result of commerce flowing through their lands.
In the other corner of our vast realm, far away from the mountain villages, lies Ghulaman, which deserves special mention. Trousers are more common among the peoples of the mountains and of the frontier, but whereas they wear them for pragmatic reasons, the people of Ghulaman wear them as symbols, finding them to be stylish. This is most worrying, for their trousers are exact copies of the Mongolian ones, and I have heard that the Mongols bitterly frown upon what they call 'Persian intrusion into our rightful lands'. Indeed, the peoples of Almarikh and Ulaanbaatar - collections of Mongolian tents and huts - are known to regularly remark upon the false fact that 'Persians are defiling our river'. A lie even to themselves, for they regularly defile the women of Ghulaman - how can Persians defile their river, if they themselves voluntarily seek out the beauty of Persian wives? The governor of Ghulaman would undoubtedly raise legions of spearmen, but even so close to Persepolis, the capital is powerless to offer aid, and the governor told me in a most worried voice that his pleas for help have almost always gone unanswered. It is stunning and shocking and shameful that a ruler of a great realm could let his women be raped by any horde of beastmen that so wishes. But I am sure the capital has plans to combat this. Plans that it has surely been refining for the last few decades by now. Let it not be said that I am not loyal to Persia - but I should note that I am sure that an active and compassionate ruler, such as the governor of Gordium, would do a far better job.
Enough of that northern rot. Along the seashore, far to the south, a curious cap can be found; a poor imitation of the Farsi conical cap, the side-flaps of this so-called Phrygian one do not even cover the ears. It is not viewed as a poor imitation by the people wearing them, however, and the people of Borazjan, Merv, and Tureng Tepe, are very proud of these hats. They make them with their own hand, from boy to girl and from man to woman alike, and they are a symbol of freedom and liberty. This is perhaps the most important quality to be ascribed to the people on the coast of the great southern sea, and a wise ruler would never seek to impose harsh restrictions upon them. Instead, he would favour bartering and argument, to work out a mutually beneficial trade, if possible. For this reason, a wise man would demand whatever he wishes twice over, so that the people here may congratulate themselves on bringing down the price to a more reasonable level. A level coinciding with precisely what the cunning man set out to achieve.
These sea people are travellers and merchants, having grown up in the shadow of the valley, and whereas the Valleylands are insular and introverted, the sea people are often boisterous and extroverted. Daring adventurers, or arrogant fools, it is a matter of perspective. One should expect rude words and exaggerated displays of emotion, too, and it is easy to dismiss the sea people as an unruly and ungrateful lot. But of all the Persian peoples, they live the farthest away from Persepolis, and behind their unpleasant exterior, a loyal subject dwells. Their friendship expresses itself in odd mannerisms, and sometimes even in violence, but they take care to do no real harm, and can often be found laughing and drinking together mere moments later, or promising to host a feast for their companions. They do not have many feasts, and their diet is rather lacking and poor, another trait they inherited from the Valleylands. They do have all the bounty of the sea to feast upon, with fish, crab, and clam perhaps being the most common foods. They eat these in taverns by the seaside, where they always recognise friend or family, and share boisterous words and roaring laughs, before returning to work again.
The final village to be mentioned is the hill-fort of Dakyanus, seizing the lush valley of the Indus for the realm, watching over the Indians from atop a hill and behind the Indus river. Lying beyond the mountains, east of the sea people, this place is perhaps the hardest to reach out of all of Persia. However, the people are strong of heart and mind, and the only signs of Indian influence are the looser robes and the deep caps, that come down in the front to the eyebrows and at the back to the nape of the neck. They are more frugal than the sea people, and far more humble too; they are but one small village, and Persepolis is so very far away, while India is nearby. Yet they are forever loyal to Persia, and so they are humble, so that the Indians might let them be. This is not a weakness of Dakyanus, but a weakness of Persepolis; were the capital to be in Gordium, then surely, the people of Dakyanus would feel emboldened and lose their Indian-induced humility.
Now and forever, I remain,
Your loyal serant,
Ctesias of Gordium