For land antiquities - these are supposedly the same tiles where Barb Camps where earlier.
For shipwrecks - where fights with barb ships were done.
Ed Beach in one of old stream said something like that.
Edit. That is why you get to choose what civ or barbarian an artifact is from (usually). Also, I suspect if there are not enough of them, the game just generates some extra randomly, and then you just get a message "disovered that the artifact is from civ x"