The modern State of Israel is not to be confused with the Kingdom of Israel, a united monarchy that may or may not have existed in the southern Levant for a period of less than 100 years, some 3,000 years ago. As far as I know, the only evidence to support the existence of such a kingdom is found in the Hebrew Bible. I suppose you could make a case for the Kingdom of Israel being included as a playable Civ, but it will never happen. It's capital would have to be Jerusalem, which would be highly controversial, since present day East Jerusalem (i.e., Jerusalem proper) was illegally annexed by the modern State of Israel. It is internationally recognized as occupied Palestinian territory.
The united monarchy lasted about 100 years. But the Israelite kingdom lasted about 600 years, and was preceded by the the reign of the judges, which lasted several hundred years. Even after the Israelite kingdom fell, there was only a 70 year gap before Israelite exiles returned an established an autonomous principality under nominal Persian sovereignty. Eventually, Israel regained full independence under the Hasmonians, which lasted until the Roman era. End-to-end, ancient Israel as a discrete civilization lasted about 1200 years. That's much longer that most civilizations in the game.
[Note: eastern Jerusalem isn't internationally recognized as squat. It was supposed to be a UN protectorate in 1948; since that time, no binding resolution has ever transferred the territory's theoretical sovereignty to either Israel or the Palestinians. Israel annexed it, but to the world it's no man's land]