Txurce
Deity
I also just realized that the science-from-happiness mechanic is also certainly a factor in tech runaways (I can't believe I didn't think of this earlier!) - perhaps lowering this bonus would even things out a bit. Since peaceful AIs frequently have 30+ happiness that would account for some of the disparities here.
This would help some, since the AI is typically ahead of v137 human happiness. The downside is that it hurts tall human civs more than wide ones, and they're already having a hard time. That's why I keep looking at AI-only adjustments.
It looks like this is what Thal did in v137.1, and I'll be starting a new game as soon as I finish my work today. Thal: what are the medium-difficulty levels that you adjusted - Warlord through...?
Other v137.1 changes: Collective Rule is probably a good idea... although you could take pity and make it +25%!