@Bushface, because the Destroyer and Spearman cannot attack each other naturally.
It would appear that, given the experiences you have related, we can make some educated guesses as to what is going on. I will try to do some testing once I get home this evening as well.
Here are some of the possibilities as I see them:
1) Each unit capable of intercepting unit gets a chance, in some order, to intercept an incoming unit, but once they have intercepted an incoming air unit they cannot attempt to do so again in the same turn. The order of intercept may be determined by one of the following:
a. The effective range of the intercepting unit.
b. The initial strength of the intercepting unit.
c. The current strength of the intercepting unit.
d. The type of the intercepting unit, combined with one of the above options, or some other undetermined factor (build order, etc.)
e. The order is completely random.
2) Each unit capable of inetercepting gets a chance to intercept each incoming unit regardless of whether they have done so previously. The same possible orders for intercepting exist, with an additional possible factor that all unused units (or all units of a type) will be cycled through before any previously used units.
3) Only one intercepting unit per attack gets a chance to intercept the attacking unit, but only if it has not intercepted yet in the turn. The order possiblities remain the same as above, however, there are some possibilities regarding whether or not the intercepting units percentages stack.
a. Percentages do not stack.
b. Percentages from the same type of intercepting unit do stack, but have an upper limit to the total.
c. Percentages from the same type of intercepting unit do not stack, but additional units of the same type add a bonus to the unit, with an upper limit to the total.
d. Percentages from all intercepting units in the city stack in the same manner as b. above.
e. Percentages from all intercepting units in the city stack in the same manner as c. above.
4) Same as 3) above, but intercepting units can attempt to intercept multiple times in a single turn.
Hopefully, experimentation will remove some of these possibilities, as there is still a wide range here. It would appear, however, that in all of these possibilities, except for #4, it is advisable to place multiple intercepting units in a city to increase your chances of intercepting attackers. Even if #4 is correct, it is not unreasonable to place multiple intercepting units in a city, as there is always the possibility that the interceptor will be shot down by the attacker.