The Civilopedia mentions it pretty clearly in the section on Pillaging.
Science comes from Mines, Lumber Mills, Ziggurats, and Science Districts
Culture comes from Quarries and Theater Districts
Gold comes from Camps, Great Walls, and Commercial Districts (and Trade Routes)
Faith comes from Plantations and Holy Sites. Also most unique improvements also provide faith such as Sphinxes, Chateaus, Kurgans, and Missions.
Healing comes from Farms, Fishing Boats, and Entertainment Districts
I think Industrial Districts yield Science. I've never had the chance to pillage Aqueducts, Neighborhoods, Aerodomes, or Spaceports so I don't know about those.