Basically, certain techs gave you the ability to choose certain specifics. There were four categories and you chose one of each:
Values (Survival [no + and -], Wealth, Knowledge, Power)
Economics (Simple [no + and -], Planned, Free Market, Green)
Politics (Frontier [no + and -], Police State, Democratic, Fundamentalist [would obviously be different in Civ])
Future Society (not applicable to Civ, but: None [no + and -], Cybernetic, Eudaimonic, Thought Control)
Each had its own advantages and disadvantages, and some factions and Secret projects (civs and wonders) removed penalties form certain choices or gave bonuses to certain categories. There was no such thing as a "revolt," but it cost Energy Credits (money) to switch a social choice.
EDIT: SMAC's socio-political categories
Efficiency (Corruption or lack thereof -- only energy [money] was lost to corruption in SMAC)
Morale (Similar to promotions in Civ)
Planet (Environmental Friendliness)
Probe (Spying, which was very important in SMAC)
Growth (affects amount of food needed to grow)
Police (Military Police limits)
Industry (benefit to industry, not industry itself)
Research (benefit to research, not research itself)
Economy (benefit to economy, not economy itself)
Support (units supported per base [city])