Hope this helps. I had a lot of problems with my first mod (actually a fix of somebody else's broken mod). While Kael's guide isn't exactly wrong, it hasn't kept up with patch changes.
You've got a couple things mixed up. In general, in the <gamedata> stuff, you need to define the values for objects. Then, in the <Language_en_US> area, you define the text for the objects.
The first big thing I noticed is the city names. In your Civ_Orb.xml you are condensing the steps. You have (as a 1 city example)
<Civilization_CityNames>
<Row>
<CivilizationType>CIVILIZATION_ORB</CivilizationType>
<CityName>ORB</CityName>
</Row>
</Civilization_CityNames>
but what you really need is
<Civilization_CityNames>
<Row>
<CivilizationType>CIVILIZATION_ORB</CivilizationType>
<CityName>TXT_KEY_ORB_CITY_NAME_CARPENTERIA</CityName>
</Row>
[and all the other cities]
</Civilization_CityNames>
and in GameText.xml
<Language_en_US>
<Row Tag="TXT_KEY_ORB_CITY_NAME_CARPENTERIA">
<Text>Carpentria</Text>
</Row>
[and all the other cities]
</Language_en_US>
Various patches since Kael's guide have made the game very sensitive to duplicate names, so I've found and suggest that you include your Civ name as part of the name of the objects you generate.
The leader's WorkAgainstWillingness and WorkWithWillingness were changed to DenounceWillingness and DoFWillingness. New values are Loyalty, Neediness,Forgiveness, Chattiness, and Meanness.
You are also missing the import to VFS for all your artwork. The December patch requires all artwork to have that value in ModBuddy set to "true".