One way to get a tall city: Conquer half or more of the known world, and feed a ton of traders to your capital. Make sure you have decent food production and agricultural focus.
The game is usually over before this sort of city really snowballs, but once a city hits pop 34 or so the snowballing goes out of control and the city grows like mad, especially with food-boosting buildings and wonders. It helps to be in range of Xenomass, and for the city to NOT be your capital (Capitals don't get the magrail bonus, which is pretty useful for ramping up production - besides, your other cities have more freedom in where they are placed and can be specialized for rapid growth.)
It is still much better to have a lot of fairly large cities than one massive city, but having lots of good cities will help feed the massive city once the snowball really gets going. If I settle new cities late-game, I want them to grow to pop 10 pretty quickly.
The Desert-Terrascape exploit is pretty strong for building a supercity, if you took Ecoscaping and set up Weather Controllers. 5food/3prod/3culture is really strong, but it does chew up money. The culture yield here is pretty important for getting virtues, and even before Ecoscaping is a thing, 2 culture per terrascape can add significant culture at a time when it's pretty hard to acquire.