The Sound of Drums - A British Hearts of Iron AAR
Part Twenty-One
26th October 1939
The German naval build-up prior to the Great War had been successful enough for the Royal Navy to consider it a major threat to her control of the seas, so much so the bulk of their own ships were devoted to countering the German fleet. Neither side however, were quite willing to engage the other, fearing that the risk of failure far outweighed the possibility of victory.
At the end of that war, the British government had specifically demanded the scuttling of the German Navy, and for strict restrictions on any build-up of a German navy. The plan was that Germany would never again be able to build up a fleet capable of challenging Britain on a large-scale. That plan had worked.
Raeder, Donitz and Hitler
From 1935-1939, the
Kriegsmarine remained the most poorly funded branch of the
Wehrmacht, with Hitler demanding his land and airforce receive top priority. It was not helped by a definite split in Naval Command itself, with two different doctrine suggestions by two different Admirals. Admiral Dönitz was a strong proponent of utilising submarine warfare, and he wished to create a large enough U-Boat fleet that could move undetected by the Royal Navy, striking at the convoy fleets that was Britain’s ‘life line.’ Such a tactic would quickly starve Britain into submission, and would be far more effective than any large-scale battle, or even full-scale invasion.
He found a major opponent in Erich Raeder, who wanted all of Germany’s chief ships to be part of one grand fleet, unable to engage the enemy regularly, but capable of devastating blows when it did strike. Like an arrow from a bow, he argued, the German Armada would be able to be fired at any point in the world to devastating success. Such an arrow would need a head, and that head would be nothing less than the most powerful battleship on the planet.
Raeder’s thinking easily appealed to Hitler, who approved his promotion to Grand Admiral, as well as authorising the construction of a new 50’000 tonne battleship - the
Bismarck. Not due to be completed until 1940, a remarkable feat of German engineering saw it finished a year early and ready to be the command vessel of Raeder’s ’super-fleet.’ And whether it was a touch of personal irony or genuine affection for the Admiral’s skills, Raeder appointed Dönitz as its commander.
Launch the Bismarck!
Grand Admiral Cleric was, to put it lightly, an aggressive chap. Throughout the entirety of the ‘inter-war years’ he had been a strong influence of how the Royal Navy should be. Strong on carriers, strong on offence, strong on Admirals who were willing to take the fight to the enemy. He was lucky his boss was Darth Pugwash, who agreed with him on all counts. It could be said that Germany was revolutionising the way war was fought on land and (possibly) in the air. Pugwash was determined that the war on sea was led by Britain, and that had meant a difficult choice - naval warfare through the classical method of “the biggest ship with the biggest guns” wins, or the new method of “the biggest ship that can carry the best planes” wins.
Carrier warfare was a relatively new concept, and both Pugwash and Cleric were lucky that the Royal Navy had been granted such a degree of independence while the land and air branches were given such attention. It allowed them the ability to plan how to deal with every potential enemy fleet without interference, it allowed them the chance to develop a new form of naval doctrine that incorporated both sea and air units in a way that was unheard of in this modern era.
It was time for British thinking and German strength to clash. On the 26th October, at the Heligoland Bight, both the Grand Armada and the First Flotte met.
The Battle of Heligoland Bight
If the German ships were intending on escaping discretely into the Atlantic, they never had a chance. Already ordered to patrol the North Sea, Admiral Cleric was extra-vigilant to watch the German coast for the enemy to strike, and it was his planes that struck first. At 1300 hours his planes on the
Furious and
Argus spotted the German fleet as it tried to escape to the Atlantic. The planes moved to attack, as Cleric demanded of them - and they caused some damage - but they never really posed much of an threat. The battle was to be won through ship-to-ship attacks.
Dönitz moved first. Wanting to protect the
Bismarck, the cruisers moved to engage Cleric’s own ships. They were only meant as a forward shield, to protect their command ships while they moved into position, and as such they were not prepared for Cleric to fully engage them immediately. For the next two hours the British cruisers launched an attack on their German equivalents while the planes on the carriers refuelled for a final blow. For those two hours the battle was fought with just the cruisers, but only the
Admiral Scheer and
Galatea were willing to engage in close combat.
Cleric was in his element. He had signalled for reinforcements (as per Royal Navy doctrine) but the closest was the Support Fleet, which was currently tied up in action with German naval bombers near Aberdeen. He was on his own, and he was in total control. His cruisers were easily holding off the Germans, and with the news three hours into the battle that the
Admiral Scheer was destroyed and that the rest of the enemy fleet were falling back, he was delighted to order a full offensive. His planes were nearly refuelled and ready for another attack, after all?
It was not to be. Rather than a controlled retreat the German fleet was collapsing and falling back to German ports in any way it could. For Britain, the HMS
Galatea was out of action after its engagement, and likely out of the war for the next year, and the Admiralty was not willing to see it claimed by Raeder as a propaganda blow. For the two fleets to disengage amicably meant one thing - the Royal Navy had met the main German fleet, and it had won…