The Sound of Drums - A British Hearts of Iron AAR
Part Thirty-Eight
20th - 22nd June 1940
The Battle of Tobruk
With Tobruk surrounded, PrinceScamp had the option to simply siege the town and continue his offensive. With British forces dominating the air and sea zones nearby, there was little chance the Italians would be able to achieve a breakout, even with the ten divisions now trapped in Tobruk.
There was no telling how long the Italians could last, however. Tobruk was essentially a fortress town, and giving the Italians any time to reorganise themselves there would help them in the short term. It also contained the first major airfield and harbour west of Alexandria, a fact the British Air Marshals and Admirals continued to impress upon PrinceScamp.
Map of Tobruk, showing main defence lines and fortifications
Aerial reconnaissance seemed promising. The Italian retreat to Tobruk, combined with constant bombardment, meant that PrinceScamp was assured that enemy morale and organisation was low. Attacking now would catch the Italians before they were able to regroup and reposition themselves in an effective manner, probably capturing the town within days. The main problem would come from the massive amounts of Italian troops trapped within the Tobruk pocket - at least 150’000 personnel in all. Deciding it far better to risk a delay at Tobruk than initiating a long-term siege, PrinceScamp ordered an attack.
British forces going into the battle numbered 165’000 soldiers, 350 tanks and 60 artillery guns - effectively the entire British army in Africa. They were supported by various engineer, anti-tank and anti-air brigades, most of which were to be used against the Italian fortifications rather than for their designed purpose. The Italian defenders had very little in the way of armoured vehicles or guns, with the exception of a few armoured cars and artillery cannons within their fortifications.
The Battle for Tobruk began early on the 20th June as RAF squadrons began a bombardment of Italian troop positions at Tobruk. The Italians managed to scramble a few of their own fighters to meet the threat, but were quickly forced to flee to the nearest airfield at Benghazi. By the time British troops and armour began their assault, PrinceScamp had complete mastery over the skies of Tobruk.
Initial resistance from the Italians was formidable, with the British making very few gains. As expected, it was the sheer number of defenders that made life difficult for PrinceScamp - taking any fortified point fell into a battle more reminiscent of trench warfare in the Great War. By the late afternoon the British guns and armour were finally contributing to the battle, breaching several points in the outer perimeter for the infantry to seize before night fell. When it did, PrinceScamp ordered a halt to the offensive in order to consolidate what little gains he had made.
British forces in the last attack of the day
Fearing that the Italian defence would be even more stubborn the next day, PrinceScamp demanded that all bomber squadrons and artillery cannons be used in a six-hour barrage of Tobruk until morning. A general assault was to be avoided, British forces were to simply surround the main Italian forts and move on, essentially creating a smaller version of his Libyan campaign so far. The main target was Tobruk.
First into the attack was the Crusader tanks of the 1st Armoured Division. Their successes of the previous day meant that they were ordered to launch an attack the minute dawn broke. They hit a broken Italian defence, shattered by the constant bombardments of the previous night and unable to repulse the British tanks. By 11am, as the infantry moved in to claim the armoured gains, it was clear that the Italians were incapable of continuing the fight. Nearly 100’000 Italians were now forced back into the town itself, the rest captured, dead or still trapped in the forts outside the settlement.
Tobruk would be a logistical nightmare to capture. The only options for PrinceScamp were to launch a direct assault, which would no doubt cost many British lives and cause several weeks delay to his Libyan campaign, or to simply reduce the town - Italians and all - to rubble with a constant artillery and air bombardment. But to do that would render the entire battle meaningless.
Thankfully for the General, the Italians had no intention of letting themselves be destroyed in such a manner. At midday the Italian commander, Lieutenant General Caruso, signalled his intention to surrender. PrinceScamp received Caruso just under an hour later, where they agreed that the Italian garrison would stand down and turn themselves over to the British. When asked why a mere Lt General was commanding the defence at Tobruk, Caruso revealed that his three superiors - General Guzzini, Field Marshal Badaglio and Field Marshal Caviglia - had decided to escape by plane early on the 20th during the initial air skirmishes.
Tobruk captured.
Tobruk had been seized at last, at the cost of 3000 British troops dead or wounded. Around 130’000 Italian personnel had been captured, another 20’000 dead or missing. PrinceScamp had gained his first major victory, claiming a major port, airfield and supply depot. East Libya now lay open to his forces, though the Battle of Tobruk had left them exhausted, only that Italy had lost its entire forward army in Africa meant he could afford to rest his troops for a week before resuming the offensive.
At home, the victory at Tobruk could have been the great morale boost the British people needed. It was overlooked. On the same day that Tobruk fell the French surrender was announced in Parliament. PrinceScamp and his troops may have been celebrating wildly in the African desert, but his message notifying the Prime Minister of his victory barely registered when compared to the days other events. Even a victory as great as Tobruk was barely a footnote when Britain had to deal with the loss of her last major European ally…