There are some mods on the workshop that change the trade route duration though and the Enhanced User Interface Mod adds a handy hotkey (+button) to repeat the last trade route.
Or you can edit the game files yourself (= you can still get achievements), to do so, go to Sid Meier's Civilization Beyond Earth\assets\Gameplay\XML and open GlobalDefines.xml with a text editor. Search for:
<Row Name="TRADE_ROUTE_BASE_TURN_DURATION">
<Value>25</Value>
</Row>
...and replace the 25 with the number you want.