At first glance, Artists is clearly more universal and better than others.
It translates to
- faster free settler if you go Prosperity
- faster building bonuses and trade route bonuses if you go Industry
- faster espionage bonus and free affinity if you go Might
- it removes the risks if I try my pet strategy of building a lot of explorers and building a Laboratory ASAP; +5 culture of Barrè artists and subsequent free settler removes a lot of risks I would otherwise take with that strategy. Very, very risky with scientists, does not work IMO because you fall back with number of cities which is a waste. Positive health without cities seems waste, at least in early game, even with Polystralia with its extra trade routes. Tried and failed as a second banana in a 2 humans vs 2 Apollo AI (however, it was on Taigan - Taigan does seem sparse on pods and excavation sites, quests only).
I have tested if scientists help to rush towards the food wonders. They do.
I have not tried if scientists help to rush towards espionage, but that does seem a lot worse because espionage would combo well with Might that needs culture. However, when I want to roleplay scientists, I would take ARTISTS and then gain the virtues that grant science from killing animals
p) and from expeditions, and Academies in midgame.
I do not know about Aristocrats. Maybe it helps to win a game before Affinity 4 in a duel map, I do not want to speculate too much. The only rushes I have tried is that with
1) scientists and food wonders or
2) Barrè, artists, worker OR laboratory, Prosperity, Settler, Early city 2 and building pharmalabs and ultrasonic fence and then city 3, 6 units, attack! If I fail, I retry with affinity 4 units that are about to be researched when attacking.
3) should try exploration-heavy Might for sake of Affinity, primarily. Dunno, if I should go straight (that could fit with ARC and espionage especially) or Barrè artists Prosperity because of the famous settler quick start.