1889 said:
Is great generalship revealed most by tactical or strategic victory, is its surest test in avoiding or overcoming great odds or is the greatest general simply the one who best served his (or her) nation or political masters? And how should the evidence be weighted to account for various historical circumstances?
'All the above'. But yeah, the 'Greatest General' is a rather subjective one. There would also have to be a distinction between those generals who ruled the nation (Napoleon, Genghis, Alex, etc) to those who were the general of a ruler (Subotai, Belisarius, etc) as their responsibilities were different.
Personally though, I think of a great general as being a complete general in the military context - resolving all issues that revolve around the different aspects of war, which includes military intellegence, strategic and tactical issues, logistics management and the organising and protecting of supply lines, planning and forethought, effective leadership, building/developing/creating solutions to military based problems and what ever else interferes with the military campaign - whether it's within their control or not#. I see Genghis as a complete solution to that, which is why I admire what he did. Subotai was also just as capable (but lacked the social prowess that Genghis had - but in many ways, he didn't need it). It is the all round completeness in military effectiveness that gets me with Genghis: Discipline and organisation, the effeciency, the successes, etc. It's all there.
The iceing on the cake for me to put Genghis as number one is that fact that he demonstrated a nack for learning what needed to be learned in order to overcome the obstacles that was in front of him: He had light horse archers as a military (which originated as a way of life for the nomadic people) and went up against China with their big stone city walls. He demonstrated the ability to learn an entirely new way of fighting - and perfected it - by changing strategies completely and learning seige warefare. He also did all this
while in enemy territory. To me, with that and other examples like that as evidence, if he encounted other problems like sea warefare, combating in different and unusual terrains or going up against new and unique military strategies, he would've - without a doubt in my mind - have 'improvised, adapted and overcome' it. That is why I hold him as number one. Going from nomadic horse archer with hunting tactics to machines throwing things at and over big stone walls and learning and applying this all in enemy territory and pinning the success of the army on it is a rather big move -
Hannibal couldn't do it.
# If you think about it, the act of going to war is in itself a problem solving solution aimed at making that which is beyond their control into something that's within their control. I personally consider a general's ability to solve military problems - whether it's out of their control or not - to be important for considering a person as a great general. What Hannibal did was great, but he put himself - and his troops - in that position, with no 'Plan B', which I consider was
his responsibility. Iow, I believe that his inability to finnish it off was his fault - even though it was the leaders back at home who essentially left him 'high and dry' - and as such, hold quite a limit on his great general ability. He was a great tactition and good at overcomming the odds, but so was a lot of other generals. I believe a great general needs to be much more.